The book empirically investigates various tactics, approaches, and digital communities that play a role in the propagation of online hate on social media. I use a mixed method approach involving manual and automated analysis of social media data mostly taken from Twitter, Instagram, and Telegram. Though no book can be comprehensive enough, this manuscript offers the reader a modest understanding of the important aspects that negatively impact certain communities such as racialized groups and women. The quality of online hate becomes notably different at the intersection of these identities, especially when taking into account religion, ethnicity, gender, and race.

Dr. Al-Rawi is an Associate Professor of News, Social Media, and Public Communication at the School of Communication at Simon Fraser University. He is also the founder of the Disinformation Project.

Dr. Al-Rawi is an Associate Professor of News, Social Media, and Public Communication at the School of Communication at Simon Fraser University. He is also the founder of the Disinformation Project.

Chapter 1: Introduction.- Chapter 2: The Far-Right Online Communities and the Dissemination of Hate.- Chapter 3: How Hashtags and Emojis Communicate Hate About Religions.- Chapter 4: Social Media Hate Against Female Journalists.- Chapter 5: Conclusion.