Orlando arrived at Versailles as one of the "Big Four," but left the conference in turmoil.

Spencer Di Scala is research professor of history and History Graduate Program Director at the University of Massachusetts, Boston. He is the author of numerous scholarly books and articles on Italian and European politics and culture, serves on the editorial boards of scholarly journals, and edits a book series on Italian and Italian American Studies. He taught at the University of Kentucky and in 1970 began teaching at the University of Massachusetts, Boston. Among other books, he has published Dilemmas of Italian Socialism: The Politics of Filippo Turati, Renewing Italian Socialism: Nenni to Craxi, Italy: From Revolution to Republic: 1700 to the Present, chosen as an alternate of the History Book Club and which has gone into several editions, and European Political Thought, 1815-1989 (co-author). In 1983 he was named a Senior Fulbright Research Fellow in Rome and in 1997 Research Professor by the University of Massachusetts. He currently serves on the editorial boards of several journals and edits a book series on Italian and Italian American Studies.