In 2001, George Bush provoked global uproar by describing the nascent War on Terror as a "Crusade". His comments, however, were welcomed by Al-Qaeda, who had long been describing Western powers in precisely the same terms, as modern Crusaders once again invading the Middle East. Ten years later in 2011, Anders Behring Breivik launched a tragic attack in Norway, killing 77 unarmed civilians, mostly teenagers. Breivik saw himself as a Templar Knight, a member of a group of knights allegedly resurrected in London in 2002 by one "Lionheart". Later investigations suggested that the blogger, Lionheart, might have had links to the right-wing, anti-Muslim, English Defence League and otherso-called "counterjihad" blogging networks decrying an Islamic invasion of Europe. Though extreme examples, these cases all share a crucial detail: the framing of current political issues in terms of recognisable medieval precedents. In the widespread use of medievalism across social- and mass-media channels, it is clear that such political medievalisms are not intended as a specific reference to a historical precedent, but as a use of the past for modern concerns. The argument of this book is that we need new ways of analysing this kind of medievalism; extending far beyond the concept of anachronism or inaccuracy, references to Crusades, Templars and Vikings affect the way weunderstand our world. Using theories of communication and media studies to examine popular medievalism, the author investigates what effect such medieval terminology can have on a mass-mediated audience and on the understanding of the Middle Ages in general. Andrew B.R. Elliott is Senior Lecturer in Media and Cultural Studies, University of Lincoln.

Introduction
Not Dead Yet: The Middle Ages in the 21st Century
Getting Medieval on Your RSS: Medievalism and the Mass Media
"Let's not go back to the Middle Ages": Medievalism, the Dark Ages and the Myth of Progress
"This crusade, this War on Terror, is gonna take a while": The Bush Doctrine, The Crusades and Neomedievalism
"They have announced explicitly that this is a Crusader war": Al Qaeda, Holy War, and the Recurring Crusade
"The Poor Fellow Soldiers of Christ": Anders Behring Breivik and the Templar Knights
"God bless the EDL, the new Templar Knights": The EDL, the Far Right and the Crusaders
"These women-raping, Muslim-murdering, medieval monsters": IS, the Middle Ages, and the Mass Media
Bibliography

ANDREW B.R. ELLIOTT is Senior Lecturer in Media and Cultural Studies, University of Lincoln.