Building on lecture notes from his acclaimed course at Stanford University, James March provides a brilliant introduction to decision making, a central human activity fundamental to individual, group, organizational, and societal life. March draws on research from all the disciplines of social and behavioral science to show decision making in its broadest context. By emphasizing how decisions are actually made -- as opposed to how they should be made -- he enables those involved in the process to understand it both as observers and as participants.
March sheds new light on the decision-making process by delineating four deep issues that persistently divide students of decision making: Are decisions based on rational choices involving preferences and expected consequences, or on rules that are appropriate to the identity of the decision maker and the situation? Is decision making a consistent, clear process or one characterized by ambiguity and inconsistency? Is decision making significant primarily for its outcomes, or for the individual and social meanings it creates and sustains? And finally, are the outcomes of decision processes attributable solely to the actions of individuals, or to the combined influence of interacting individuals, organizations, and societies? March's observations on how intelligence is -- or is not -- achieved through decision making, and possibilities for enhancing decision intelligence, are also provided.
March explains key concepts of vital importance to students of decision making and decision makers, such as limited rationality, history-dependent rules, and ambiguity, and weaves these ideas into a full depiction of decision making.
He includes a discussion of the modern aspects of several classic issues underlying these concepts, such as the relation between reason and ignorance, intentionality and fate, and meaning and interpretation.
This valuable textbook by one of the seminal figures in the history of organizational decision making will be required reading for a new generation of scholars, managers, and other decision makers.

Contents

Acknowledgments

Preface

1. Limited Rationality

The Idea of Rational Choice

Limited (or Bounded) Rationality

Theories of Attention and Search

Risk and Risk Taking

2. Rule Following

Decision Making as Rule Following

Rules, Identities, and Action

Rule Development and Change

Appropriate Rules or Consequential Choice?

3. Multiple Actors: Teams and Partners

Interpersonal Consistency and Teams

Interpersonal Inconsistencies

Social Bases of Inconsistencies

Uneasy Partners

4. Multiple Actors: Conflict and Politics

Decisions and Power

Decisions and Coalitions

Participation and Decision Instabilities

Single Actors and Multiple Actors

5. Ambiguity and Interpretation

Order and Ambiguity in Decision Making

Ambiguous Bases of Decision Making

Loose Coupling in Organizations

Garbage Can Decision Process

Decision Making and the Construction of Meaning

Ambiguity and Understanding

6. Decision Engineering

Defining Decision Intelligence

Improving Adaptiveness

Using Knowledge

Creating Meaning

Notes

Additional Reading

Index

About the Author