This book examines why Western European states have recently introduced citizenship tests, integration courses, contracts, and oath ceremonies.

Sara Wallace Goodman is an assistant professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of California, Irvine. She has previously held a postdoctoral fellowship at Maastricht University, in association with the European Union Observatory on Democracy Citizenship Consortium, based out of the European University Institute. Her work has been published in World Politics, West European Politics, Political Studies, and the Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, and she has received awards from the European Politics and Society Section and the Migration and Citizenship Section of the American Political Science Association as well as from the British Politics Group.

Introduction; 1. Membership matters: concept precision and state identity; 2. Identifying empirical variation in civic-integration policies; 3. Explaining civic-integration diversity: citizenship and government orientation; 4. Examining context: Austria and Denmark; 5. Examining politics: Germany and the UK; 6. Examining interactions and processes: the Netherlands and France; 7. External dimensions of civic integration: requirements for entry; Conclusion: the anchoring of citizenship; Appendix I. Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR); Appendix II. Other indices for civic-integration policy and calculated correlations; Appendix III. Citizenship indicator scores.