This book contains the edited version of invited lectures presented at the IUTAM-Sym- sium Synthesis in Bio Solid Mechanics, held at Hotel Frederiksdal, Virum (Copenhagen), Denmark, May 24 to May 27, 1998. The symposium was attended by 48 scientist from 14 countries. Biomechanics has been a very active research area in the last 25 years and covers a very broad class of problems. The present symposium concentrated on the solid mechanics - main of biomechanics, where important problems of synthesis presently are an active and challenging part. Characteristics of biomechanical materials are not only the inhomogeneity and anisotropy, but also the capability to change in relation to actual use. These living materials call for new methods of analysis and also new methods for synthesis. By the synthesis in this context is meant design of implants or artificial control of material growth. Bone mechanics is closely related to recent work on analysis and design of microstructural anisotropic materials. Also, recent work in shape design can to some extent be useful in the more complicated problems of biomechanics. Here interface problems play an essential role. The symposium brought together scientists from mechanics, mathematics and medicine.

Preface. Remodelling and Experiments: (Chairman: S.C. Cowin) Functional Adaptation in Bone; T.C. Lee, et al. Mechanical and Hormonal Mechanisms Influencing Skeletal Form; M.D. Roberts, R.T. Hart. Self-organization of Topological Structures by a Cellular Automaton; N. Inou, et al. Micromechanics of Bones: (Chairman: H. Rodrigues) Architectural 3-D Parameters and Anisotropic Elastic Properties of Cancellous Bone; A. Odgaard, et al. Lattice Continuum Model for Bone Remodeling Considering Microstructural Optimality of Trabecular Architecture; M. Tanaka, T. Adachi. Loads and Implants: (Chairman: I. Knets) Anchorage of Orthopedic Prostheses: Influence of Bone Properties and Bone-Implant Mechanics; L.R. Rakotomanana. Design of Materials Subject to Bio-Mechanical Compatibility Constraints; P. Vena, et al. Joint Load Identification During Cyclic Movements; J. Rasmussen, et al. Basic Evolution Questions: (Chairman: R.T. Hart) Why aren't Skeletal Tissues Perfect? J.D. Currey. Dynamics of Joint Morphogenesis; J.H. Heegaard. Optimal Modification and Evolution of Elastic Continuum Structures; J.E. Taylor. Creep and Experiments: (Chairman: S. Hollister) Effect of Time Dependence on the Mechanical Behavior of Compact Bone Tissue; I. Knets, et al. Anisotropic Residual Stress Measurements in Compact Bone Using Polychromatic X-ray Diffraction; S. Tadano, M. Todoh. A 3-D Finite Element Model of the Rat Tibialis Anterior Muscle; R.G.M. Breuls, et al. Healing and Cracks: (Chairman: R. Contro) Image Based Design and Manufacture of Scaffolds for Bone Reconstruction; S.J. Hollister, et al. Fatigue Damage in Bone: Links to Adaptation; D. Taylor. Fracture Gap Movement as a Function of Musculo&endash;Skeletal Loading Conditions During Gait; G.N. Guda, et al. Material and Microstructure: (Chairman: T. Adachi) Experimental Micromechanics and Viscoelasticity of Biological and Bioprotective Materials; R. Lakes. Global and Local Material Optimization Models Applied to Anisotropic Bone Adaption; H. Rodrigues. On the Optimality of Bone Microstructure; O. Sigmund. Mathematics of Remodelling: (Chairman: J. Taylor) An Existence Result in Bone Remodelling; L. Trabucho. Structural Optimization and Biological `Designs'; A. Cherkaev, E. Cherkaeva. On Simple Model of Self&endash;adapting Bone Material; T. Lekszycki. Eye, Fiberorientation and Material Symmetry: (Chairman: R. Lakes) Computer Simulations of Refractive Surgery and Accommodation Mechanisms; F. Jouve, K. Hanna. Optimization of Left Ventricular Muscle Fiber Orientation; A.J.G. Schoofs, et al. Optimization of Material Symmetry; S.C. Cowin, G. Yang. Remodelling as a Dynamic Process: (Chairman: R. Huiskes) Surface Remodeling Simulation of Trabecular Bone Using Microstructural Finite Element Models; T. Adachi, et al. Tissue Adaptation as a Discrete&endash;Dynamical Process in Time and Space; P.J. Prendergast, H. Weinans. Time Simulation of Bone Adaptation; M. Bagge. Can the Mechanical Trabecular Bone Quality be Estimated Reliably from Mean Intercept Length or Other Morphological Parameters; G.H. van Lenthe, R. Huiskes. Damage and Bone Evolution: (Chairman: D.H. van Campen) Nonlinear Stress&endash;Strain Behavior Due to Damage Accumulation in Cortical Bone; D.T. Davy, et al. A Volumetric Finit