This study researches the development of the self-understanding of the Old Catholic Churches of the Union of Utrecht and the Iglesia Filipina Independiente during the 20th century, with special attention for their ecclesiologies of the local and national church.

Peter-Ben Smit, Ph.D. (2005) in Theology, University of Bern; Habilitation (2009) in Theology, University of Bern; Th.D. in Anglican Studies (2011), General Theological Seminary, New York City, is Assistant Professor of New Testament Studies at VU University Amsterdam, Professor of Early Catholic Ecclesiology and Old Catholicism at Utrecht University, and Assistant Rector of the Old Catholic Parish of Amsterdam.