Fungicides have greatly contributed to sustaining quality food production by protecting a variety of crops from fungal diseases. However, such production is often threatened by the occurrence of pathogen strains resistant to fungicides. Fungicide resistance may be due to mutations of genes encoding fungicide targets (qualitative fungicide resistance) or to different mechanisms that are induced by sub-lethal fungicide stress. This ability is obtained through evolutionary processes. Fungicides with a single-site mode of action are at relatively high risk for resistance development compared to those with a multi-site mode of action. Repeated applications during a single or across multiple growing seasons lead towards the development of resistance in pathogens. Basically, fungicide resistance cannot be eliminated, it can be managed to reduce the potential for development. Therefore, Integrated Disease Management (IDM) strategies ultimately depend on the ability of growers to maintain production and profitability.

Muhammad Usman Ghazanfar (autore principale) che lavora come presidente/professore associato, mentre il signor Waqas Raza (co-autore) lavora come ricercatore associato nel College of Agriculture, Università di Sargodha, Sargodha. Attualmente, entrambi stanno conducendo un progetto sulla diversità genetica di Phytophthora infestans, causa della peronospora tardiva della patata.