This contributed volume explores and reveals the dynamics, strengths and weaknesses, trends and implications of entrepreneurship in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Presenting papers by respected experts in the field, it shares essential insights on the status quo of entrepreneurship and the opportunities and threats it faces in the MENA region. Topics range from development of entrepreneurial universities to international entrepreneurship, as well as emergent topics such as green entrepreneurship, sustainable entrepreneurship and youth entrepreneurship.

Professor Nezameddin Faghih is the Chairholder of the UNESCO Chair in Entrepreneurship at the University of Teheran, and the Founding Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research (Springer). He has published more than 50 books and 100 research articles.

Dr. Mohammad Reza Zali is the Dean of the Faculty of Entrepreneurship at the University of Tehran. He has published 3 books and 23 research articles.

1.Introduction.- Part I. Institutional Environment and Entrepreneurs' Motivations in MENA.- 2. In search of the ideal entrepreneurial ecosystem.- 3.Institutions and Entrepreneurship in MENA Countries.- 4. Entrepreneurial National Efficiency Based on GEM Data: Benchmarks for the MENA Countries.- 5. Increasing entrepreneurial impact in the MENA region.- 6. An Exploration into how Terrorism impacts Business Environment in MENA Region.- 7. Social Entrepreneurship Strategies by the Middle Eastern Governments: A Review.- 8. Entrepreneurial Ecosystem and Performance in Ira.- 9. Entrepreneurial ecosystems in Arabic countries: a recent overview.- Part II.- Gender and Entrepreneurship in MENA.- 10. Gender and Entrepreneurship: Recent developments in MENA (Middle East and North Africa).- 11. Explaining the Gender Gap in Entrepreneurial Propensity.- 12. Insights from female entrepreneurs in MENA countries: barriers and success factors.- 13. The impact of age and entrepreneurial age-based self-image on entrepreneurial competencies of male and female; evidence of GEM-Iran 2016 data.- 14. The role of culture and gender in e-commerce entrepreneurship: Three Jordan case studies.- 15. Regional Disparities in Entrepreneurship in Turkey with Respect to Gender Using a Regression of Pooling Cross Sections: 2006-2015.- 16. A Study on Micro Women Entrepreneurs in U.A.E.- Part III. Entrepreneurship and Economic Development in MENA.- 17. The Effect of Entrepreneurship on Economic Growth: A Panel Approach in MENA Countries.- 18. The Innovation-based Competitive Advantage in Oman's Transition to Knowledge-Based Economy: Dynamics of Innovation for Promotion of Entrepreneurship.- 19. Dynamics of Entrepreneurship in Egypt: Assessing the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Can Entrepreneurship Contribute to the Economic Development in Egypt?.-  20. Lessons from Abu Dhabi: The Road towards an Innovative Entrepreneurial Economy.- Part IV.- SMEs in MENA.- 21. Effectuation, Causation and the revised Uppsala Model: A Behavioral analysis of Iranian SMEs' internationalization.- 22.Entrepreneurial competencies of SME owners: A comparative exploratory analysis between Iran and Italy.- 23. Management of Innovation in Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA).Part V.  A comparative Study on the State of Women Entrepreneurship in the ECO Region: Women Entrepreneurial Intentions and Motivations in Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey.- 24.Business Environment in the Three Countries.- 25. Women Entrepreneurship in Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey, Based on GEM Data.- 26. Do Financial, Human, Social and Cultural Capital Matter?.- 27. Female Entrepreneurship, Internationalization, and Trade Liberalization in Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey.- 28. Conclusion and Recommendations.