"Europe" has become a modern political concept, but it has a long and varied history. This volume analyzes medieval ideas of Europe and their representations by modern historians.

Klaus Oschema is Professor in Late Medieval History at the Ruhr-University Bochum. He researches medieval concepts of social, geographic, and political order. Recent publications include Order into Action (ed., with C. Mauntel, 2022).

Preface and Acknowledgements Chapter 1: Why Europe? A Concept Crossing History and Politics Chapter 2: Foundations in Antiquity Chapter 3: Moments of Transformation-Europe in the Early Middle Ages Chapter 4: Europe, Christianity, or Something Completely Different? Impressions from the Central Middle Ages Chapter 5: Our Last Hope? Entangling Europe and Christianity in the Late Middle Ages Chapter 6: Perspectives from Outside? Byzantium and the Arabic World Conclusion: No Roadmap for Europe-History, Politics, and the Way to Global History Further Reading