1. The Transformation and Mutation of Extraterritorial Immigration Control

2. The 'Hostile Environment' and the Rule of Law

3. Frontex and extraterritoriality

4. Frontex and Accountability

5. The Digital Border: A Lawless Area?

6. Artificial Intelligence (AI) at the Borders: Perpetuating and Legitimising Rule of Law Challenges?

Immigration control in the West has increasingly focused on preventing migrants from reaching the external border and the territory of states. This book provides an in-depth analysis of the evolving preventive immigration control system and highlights the many ways in which contemporary border controls undermine the rule of law.

By examining border control practices at the state and European levels (including by EU agencies and through the use of AI), the book explores how these measures affect the rule of law across different areas, including extraterritorial immigration control, control of the external borders, and the digitalisation of border control.

This is an essential resource, presenting a comprehensive and nuanced understanding of today's border management challenges.

Valsamis Mitsilegas is Dean of the School of Law and Social Justice and Professor of European and Global Law at the University of Liverpool.

Elspeth Guild is Professor of Law at the University of Liverpool and College of Europe Bruges.

Niovi Vavoula is Associate Professor and Chair in Cyber Policy at the University of Luxembourg.