Introduction
1. Winning by Process: Leveraging Formal Negotiation, State Institutions, and War
2. The Failure to Win by War: The Limits of Bamar Dominance and Ethnic Minority Repression
3. Democratization: Layering and Sequencing in the State Institutional Arena
4. Process over War: From Ceasefire to Political Dialogue
5. Normalizing Weak Ethnic States: Constitutional Lock-In and Implementing Layers
6. Outflanking and the Erosion of De Facto Autonomy
7. Fragmentation, Marginalization, and Subjugation: Layering and Locking In Ethnic Recognition
Conclusion

Jacques Bertrand is Professor of Political Science at the University of Toronto. He is the author, most recently, of Ethnic Minorities and Political Change in Southeast Asia.
Alexandre Pelletier is Assistant Professor of Political Science at Université Laval. Follow him on X at @APPelletier.
Ardeth Maung Thawnghmung is Chair of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts, Lowell. She is the author, most recently, of Everyday Economic Survival in Contemporary Myanmar. Follow her on X at @AThawnghmung.