Making a Grade takes historiographic and sociological perspectives developed to understand large-scale scientific and technical systems and uses them to highlight the standardization that went into "standardized testing."

List of Figures
Preface and Acknowledgments

Introduction

Part One: Examinations
1 "The Age of Examinations": A Historical Sketch
2 Monetizing Marks: The Political Economy of Examinations
3 An Epistemology of the Mundane: Dissecting One Examination

Part Two: Examiners
4 Daguerreotypes of the Mind: Paper, Partition, and Specialization
5 Machining Minds: Commensuration, Tabulation, and Standardization
6 Thin Descriptions: Credentials and Other Signals

Part Three: Examinees
7 Learning and Earning: Coaching or Cramming?
8 Immoral Economies: How to Cheat on a Victorian Exam
9 Economies, Remoralized: Examinations as Technologies of Inclusion

Conclusion

Appendix A: Important Dates
Appendix B: Biographical List
Notes
Bibliography
Index

List of Figures
Preface and Acknowledgments

Introduction

Part One: Examinations
1. "The Age of Examinations": A Historical Sketch
2. Monetizing Marks: The Political Economy of Examinations
3. An Epistemology of the Mundane: Dissecting One Examination

Part Two: Examiners
4. Daguerreotypes of the Mind: Paper, Partition, and Specialization
5. Machining Minds: Commensuration, Tabulation, and Standardization
6. Thin Descriptions: Credentials and Other Signals

Part Three: Examinees
7. Learning and Earning: Coaching or Cramming?
8. Immoral Economies: How to Cheat on a Victorian Exam
9. Economies, Remoralized: Examinations as Technologies of Inclusion

Conclusion

Appendix A: Important Dates
Appendix B: Biographical List
Notes
Bibliography

James Elwick is an associate professor in the Department of Science and Technology Studies at York University.