This book offers the first detailed study of the essential relationship between thought reform and the "dangerous classes"-the prostitutes, beggars, petty criminals, and other "lumpenproletarians" the Communists saw as a threat to society and the revolution. Aminda Smith takes readers inside early-PRC reformatories, where the new state endeavored to transform "vagrants" into members of the laboring masses. As places where "the people" were literally created, these centers became testing grounds for rapidly changing ideas and experiments about thought reform and the subjects they produced. Smith explores reformatories as institutions dedicated to molding new socialist citizens and as symbolic spaces in which internees, cadres, and the ordinary masses made sense of what it meant to be a member of the people in the People's Republic. Drawing on extensive, previously unavailable source material, she offers convincing answers to much-debated questions about the development and future of Chinese political culture.

Chapter 1: Finding a Place for the Lumpenproletariat: Vacillators and Rural Revolution
Chapter 2: The People versus Their Enemies: Urban Reeducation and the Old Society
Chapter 3: The Curriculum of Consciousness Raising: Low Consciousness and Mass Reeducation
Chapter 4: The Laboring Masses: Voluntarism and the People
Chapter 5: The People Stand Up: Resistance and Reform
Conclusion
Bibliography

Aminda M. Smith is assistant professor in the Department of History at Michigan State University.