Showing how the history of the apple goes far beyond the orchard and into the social, cultural and technological developments of Britain and the USA, this book takes an interdisciplinary approach to reveal the importance of the apple as a symbol of both tradition and innovation.

From the 18th century in Britain, technology innovation in fruit production and orchard management resulted in new varieties of apples being cultivated and consumed, while the orchard became a representation of stability. In America orchards were contested spaces, as planting seedling apple trees allowed settlers to lay a claim to land. In this book Joanna Crosby explores how apples and orchards have reflected the social, economic and cultural landscape of their times. From the association between English apples and 'English' virtues of plain speaking, hard work and resultant high-quality produce, to practices of wassailing highlighting the effects of urbanisation and the decline of country ways and customs, Apples and Orchards from the Eighteenth Century shows how this everyday fruit provides rich insights into a time of significant social change.

Joanna Crosby is an Honorary Fellow in History at the University of East Anglia, UK. She is an expert in the social and cultural history of the apple and orchards, and is a Director and Treasurer for the East of England Apples and Orchards Project.

Introduction
Part I: Growth
1. Eighteenth-century Developments of the Orchard Landscape
2. The Nineteenth Century as a Place of Change
3. The Scientific Apple: Pests, Diseases and Innovative Fruit Management
4. Shifts in the Orchard Landscape in the Twentieth Century
Part II: Consumption
5. From the Orchard to the Kitchen: Urban Apple Supply and Consumption
6. The Free Trade and 'Foreign' Apple
7. The Apple in Kitchen Culture in the UK and the USA
Part III: Cultural Engagement
8. The Progressive Apple
9. The Community Apple
Conclusion