Bastiaan Willems is Lecturer in the History of War in 20th-Century Europe at Lancaster University, UK. He is the author of Violence in Defeat: The Wehrmacht on German Soil, 1944-1945 (2021) and co-editor of Reflections on Perpetration and Complicity under Nazism and Beyond: Compromised Identities? (forthcoming, Bloomsbury).
Michal Adam Palacz is Postdoctoral Researcher in History at Oxford Brookes University, UK. He specializes in the transnational history of medicine and migration.

Foreword, Andreas Kossert
Introduction: Unwilling Nomads: A Four-Dimensional Model of Diaspora, Bastiaan Willems (Lancaster University, UK) and Michal Adam Palacz (Oxford Brooks University, UK)
Part I - Forced Migrants during the First World War
1. Population movement, evacuation and internment in Habsburg Galicia during the First World War: Considering the four-dimensional model of diaspora, Serhiy Choliy (Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, Ukraine)
2. Humiliated and insulted: The multiple categories of Austro-Hungarian civilian internees, 1914-17, Egor Lykov (ETH Zurich, Switzerland)
3. Between Suffering and Displacement: The Case of the Istrian 'Evakuirci', Diego Han (University of Zagreb, Croatia)
Part II - Political Emigrants in the Interwar Era
4. Salvaging the 'unredeemed' in Italy: The Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the Julian March émigrés, Miha Zobec (Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Slovenia)
5. Ukrainian emigration in the Weimar Republic and its role in German foreign policy, Veronika Weisheimer (European University Viadrina Frankfurt, Germany)
6. Protecting the national identity of Russian emigrants and their children in interwar Eastern Europe, Aleksandra Mikulenok (Russian State University of Justice, Russia)
Part III - People on the move in fascist Europe
7. Stefi Kiesler: A Librarian as 'Intellectual Refugee Service', Jill Meißner-Wolfbeisser (University of Vienna, Austria)
8. The catalysts of 1938: European child evacuations as humanitarian innovation, Chelsea Sambells (University of Huddersfield, UK)
9. 'And Without a Hat!': Refugee women in the transit country Portugal after 1933, Katrin Sippel (Austrian Society for Exile Studies, Austria)
10. Many Journeys of Exile: Spanish Republican Refugees in France, 1939-1946, David Messenger (University of South Alabama, USA)
11. Reclaimed for the Volk: Forced Migration and Assimilation in the Wartime Third Reich, Bradley J. Nichols (University of Missouri, USA)
Part IV - Refugees and displaced persons and the Second World War
12. The surviving remnant: Subjectification and self-organization in the Jewish DP camp Bergen-Belsen, 1945-8, Lennart Onken (Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial, Hamburg, Germany)
13. Resettling, repatriating and 'rehabilitating' Polish displaced persons in British-occupied Germany, 1945-51, Samantha K. Knapton (University of Nottingham, UK)
14. Ethnopolitical humanitarianism: The post-war resettlement of 2,446 Danube Swabians to Brazil, Cristian Cercel (Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany)
15. Anti-communists, communists and migrants in France, 1917-53, Aaron Clift (University of Oxford, UK)
Conclusion: Polish Refugees and East Prussian Expellees: Applying the Four-Dimensional Model, Bastiaan Willems (Lancaster University, UK) and Michal Adam Palacz (Oxford Brooks University, UK)
Concluding Remarks, Pertti Ahonen (University of Jyväskylä, Finland)
Index