The increased targeting of civilians by militants raises serious and profound questions for policy-makers. Examining conflict in Northern Ireland, Israel and Palestine, this book focuses on ethno-nationalist militant groups and formulates a model to constrain violence against civilians.

1. Introduction 2. The Study of Terrorism and Political Violence 3. Northern Ireland and the Provisional IRA 4. Israel and Palestine, Hamas and the al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades 5. Implications and challenges for policy makers