Exploring how restrictions on citizenship helped create conditions for political violence in Peru, this book recounts the hidden history of how local processes of citizen formation in an Andean town were persistently overruled, thereby perpetuating antagonism toward the state and political centralism in Peru.

1. Introduction 2. The Provincial Council in Action: 1870 to 1914 3. Local Democracy and the Radical Challenge: 1870 to 1914 4. Adolfo Vienrich, Tarma's Radical Intellectual: 1867 to 1908 5. The Politics of Folklore: 1900 to 1930 6. Indigenismo and the Second Radical Wave: 1910 to 1930 7. The Promise of APRA: 1930 to 1950 8. Teachers Defy the State: 1950 to 1980 9. Citizenship in Retrospect