LIST OF GENEALOGICAL TABLES AND MAPS, PREFACE, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS, 1 THE SOURCES, 2 EUROPE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY, 3 SOCIETY AND ITS STRUCTURE: 1. THE PEASANTS: POPULATION TRENDS, 4 SOCIETY AND ITS STRUCTURE: 2. CLERGY, NOBILITY, TOWNSMEN, 5 THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF GOVERNMENT, 6 POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT IN WESTERN EUROPE, 7 ITALIANS AND ITALY, 8 GERMANY AND HER NORTHERN NEIGHBOURS, 9 EAST-CENTRAL EUROPE, 10 EASTERN EUROPE, 11 THE PAPAL MONARCHY: THE CHURCH AS A STATE, 12 THE BONDS OF RELIGION, 13 THE BONDS OF EDUCATION, LITERATURE AND ART, 14 THE BONDS OF TRADE, 15 THE FUTURE: EUROPE AND THE WORLD, BIBLIOGRAPHY, GENEALOGICAL TABLES, MAPS, INDEX