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Metal Oxide Nanocomposites: Synthesis and Applications summarizes many of the recent research accomplishments in the area of metal oxide-based nanocomposites. This book focussing on the following topics: Nanocomposites preparation and characterization of metal oxide nanocomposites; synthesis of core/shell metal oxide nanocomposites; multilayer thin films; sequential assembly of nanocomposite materials; semiconducting polymer metal oxide nanocomposites; graphene-based metal and metal oxide nanocomposites; carbon nanotube-metal-oxide nanocomposites; silicon mixed oxide nanocomposites; gas semiconducting sensors based on metal oxide nanocomposites; metal?]organic framework nanocomposite for hydrogen production and nanocomposites application towards photovoltaic and photocatalytic.
B. Raneesh is an assistant professor in the Department of Physics, Catholicate College, Pathanamthitta, Kerala, India. He received his PhD in Physics from Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India. His current research interests include multiferroics, thin films, nanocomposites, and electron microscopy. He has published more than 25 research articles in peer-reviewed international journals and has co-edited two books.
Visakh P.M. is a prolific editor with more than 30 books published. Since 2017 he is an assistant professor at TUSUR University, Tomsk, Russia after completing his postdoc research at Tomsk Polytechnic University. He obtained his PhD, MPhil and MSc degrees from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India. He published more than 20 articles, 4 reviews and more than 30 book chapters and acts as guest editor for 4 international journals.
Preface xiii
1 Metal Oxide Nanocomposites: State-of-the-Art and New Challenges 1
Visakh P.M. and B. Raneesh
1.1 Introduction to Nanocomposites 1
1.2 Graphene-Based Metal and Metal Oxide Nanocomposites 4
1.3 Carbon Nanotube¿Metal Oxide Nanocomposites 5
1.4 Metal Oxide-Based Nanocomposites Application Towards Photocatalysis 8
1.5 Metal Oxide Nanomaterials for Sensor Applications 9
1.6 Metal Oxide Nanocomposites and its Thermal Property Analysis 11
1.7 Semiconducting Metal Oxides for Photocatalytic and Gas Sensing Applications 13
1.8 Applications of Metal Oxide-Based Nanocomposites 14
References 16
2 Introduction to Nanocomposites 27
Ritu Malik, Vijay K. Tomer, Vandna Chaudhary, Nirav Joshi and Surender Duhan
2.1 Composites: An Introduction 28
2.2 Functions of Fibers and Matrix 28
2.3 Classification of Composites 30
2.4 Matrix Based Composites 30
2.4.1 Polymer Matrix Materials 30
2.4.1(a) Thermoplastics 31
2.4.1(b) Thermosets 32
2.4.2 Metal Matrix Materials 32
2.4.3 Ceramic Matrix Materials 33
2.4.4 Carbon Matrices 33
2.4.5 Glass Matrices 33
2.5 Reinforcements 34
2.5.1 Fiber Reinforcement 34
2.5.1(a) Glass Fiber 35
2.5.1(b) Metals Fibers 36
2.5.1(c) Alumina Fibers 36
2.5.1(d) Boron Fibers 36
2.5.1(e) Silicon Carbide Fibers 37
2.5.1(f) Aramid Fibers 37
2.5.1(g) Quartz and Silica Fibers 37
2.5.1(h) Graphite Fibers 38
2.5.2 Whiskers 38
2.5.3 Laminar Composites 38
2.5.4 Flake Composites 39
2.5.5 Filled Composites 39
2.5.6 Particulate Reinforced Composites 40
2.5.7 Cermets 40
2.5.8 Microspheres 40
2.5.8(a) Solid Glass Microspheres (SGM) 40
2.5.8(b) Hollow Microspheres (HM) 41
2.6 Polymer Composites 41
2.6.1 Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) Composites 42
2.6.2 Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) Composites 43
2.6.3 Aramid Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites 43
2.7 Composites Processing 44
2.8 Composites Product Fabrication 44
2.9 Application of Composites 46
2.9.1 The Aerospace Industry 46
2.9.2 The Automotive Industry 46
2.9.3 The Sporting Goods Industry 47
2.9.4 Marine Applications 47
2.9.5 Consumer Goods 47
2.9.6 Construction and Civil Structures 47
2.9.7 Industrial Applications 48
2.10 Special Features of Composites 48
2.11 Composites vs Metals 49
2.12 Advantages of Composites 50
2.13 Disadvantage of Composites 51
2.14 Conclusion 51
Acknowledgments 51
References 52
3 Graphene-Based Metal and Metal Oxide Nanocomposites 55
Anupma Thakur, Rishabh Jain, Praveen Kumar and Pooja D
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 Graphene 56
3.3 Reduced Graphene Oxide 60
3.4 Graphene-Based Composites 61
3.5 Graphene-Based Hybrid Nanocomposites 63
3.6 The Mechanics of Graphene Nanocomposites 65
3.7 Functionalization 66
3.7.1 Covalent Functionalization 66
3.7.2 Non-Covalent Functionalization 67
3.8 Thermal Properties 67
3.9 Conclusions 68
References 68
4 Carbon Nanotube¿Metal Oxide Nanocomposites 73
Dengjun Wang, Wenjie Sun and Chunming Su
4.1 Introduction 74
4.2 Synthesis Methods 75
4.2.1 Ex Situ Approach 77
4.2.2 In Situ Approach 81
4.3 Environmental Applications 95
4.3.1 Sensors 95
4.3.2 Antimicrobial Agents 101
4.3.3 Desalination Membranes 102
4.3.4 Activated Oxidation of Organic Contaminants 103
4.3.5 Photodegradation of Organics 104
4.3.6 Chemical Reductive Removal of Contaminants 104
4.3.7 Adsorptive Removal of Contaminants 106
4.3.7.1 Adsorptive Removal of Organic Contaminants 106
4.3.7.2 Adsorptive Removal of Inorganic Contaminants 107
4.3.8 Remediation of Sediment, Soil, and Groundwater 109
4.4 Environmental Fate, Transport, and Transformation 110
4.4.1 Colloidal Stability and Aggregation 110
4.4.2 Physical Transport and Deposition 113
4.4.3 Chemical and Biological Transformation 116
4.5 Environmental Implications 119
4.6 Conclusions and Future Research Direction 122
References 125
5 Metal Oxide-Based Nanocomposites Application Towards Photocatalysis 155
Li Fu and Yuhong Zheng
5.1 Introduction 155
5.2 Nanocomposite Photocatalysts Based on Metal Oxide 158
5.2.1 Nanocomposite Photocatalysts Based on TiO2 158
5.2.2 Nanocomposite Photocatalysts Based on ZnO 163
5.2.3 Nanocomposite Photocatalysts Based on WOx 166
5.3 Application of Metal Oxide Composites in Photocatalysis 167
5.3.1 Water Splitting for Hydrogen Generation 167
5.3.2 Photo-Degradation of Pollutants 169
5.3.3 Wettability Patterning Based on Photocatalysts 171
5.4 Summary and Outlook 171
References 172
6 Metal Oxide Nanomaterials for Sensor Applications 179
K. Jayamoorthy, P. Saravanan, S. Suresh and K.I. Dhanalekshmi
6.1 Introduction 179
6.2 Binding of Metal Oxide with Imidazole 182
6.2.1 Surface Functionalization of Nano ZnO With 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS) 182
6.2.2 Surface Functionalization of Nano NiO With 5-Amino-2-Mercaptobenzimidazole (AMB) 182
6.2.3 Surface Functionalization of Fe2O3 Nanoparticles 183
6.2.4 Surface Functionalization of Nano Ag3O4 With 5-Amino-2-Mercaptobenzimidazole (AMB) 183
6.3 Characterizations 183
6.3.1 XRD Analysis of Fe2O3 Nanoparticles 184
6.3.2 SEM/EDX, AFM and TEM Analysis of Fe2O3 Nanoparticles 184
6.3.3 HR-SEM Images and EDX Spectral Analysis of n-NiO and f-NiO 187
6.3.4 Characterization of Nano ZnO 187
6.3.5 X-Ray Diffraction Pattern, SEM Images and EDX Spectral Studies of Ag3O4 Nanoparticles with AMB 188
6.4 Absorption Characteristics 190
6.4.1 Absorption Characteristics of AMB-NiO Nanoparticles 190
6.4.2 Absorption Characteristics of APTS-ZnO Nanoparticles 191
6.4.3 Absorption Characteristics of APTS-Fe2O3 Nanoparticles 192
6.4.4 Absorption Characteristics of AMB-Ag3O4 Nanoparticles 192
6.5 Emission Characteristics 194
6.5.1 Fluorescence Characteristics of AMB-NiO Nanoparticles 194
6.5.2 Fluorescence Characteristics of ZnO Nanoparticles With APTS 196
6.5.3 Fluorescence Quenching of APTS by Fe2O3 Nanoparticles 197
6.5.4 Evidence for Linkage 199
6.5.5 Fluorescence Quenching Characteristics of AMB Modified Ag3O4 Nanoparticles and Mechanism 199
6.6 Sensor Mechanism 201
6.7 Conclusions 202
References 203
7 Metal Oxide Nanocomposites and its Thermal Property Analysis 207
V. Velmurugan, G. Kannan and A. Nirmala Grace
7.1 Introduction 208
7.2 Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Thermal Management 209
7.3 Synthesis Procedures 210
7.3.1 Two-Step Process 210
7.3.2 One-Step Process 211
7.4 Mechanism of Thermal Conductivity Enhancement 215
7.4.1 Brownian Motion of Nanoparticles 216
7.4.2 Clustering of Nanoparticles 218
7.4.3 Liquid Layering Around Nanoparticles 219
7.4.4 Water Nanolayer 221
7.4.5 Ballistic Phonon Transport in Nanoparticles 223
7.4.6 Near Field Radiation 223
7.4.7 Thermal Transport Phenomena in Nanoparticle Suspensions 224
7.5 Thermal Conductivity Models for Nanofluids 224
7.5.1 Classical Effective Medium Theory (EMT)-Based Models 225
7.5.2 Nanolayer-Based Models 229
7.5.2.1 Theoretical Models 229
7.5.2.2 Combined Models 235
7.5.2.3 Computational Models 239
7.5.3 Brownian Motion-Based Models 240
7.5.3.1 Theoretical Models 240
7.5.3.2 Computational Models 245
7.5.4 Aggregation-Based Models 248
7.5.4.1 Combined Effects Models 248
7.5.4.2 Computational Models 250
7.5.5 Other Mechanism-Based Models 252
References 255
8 Semiconducting Metal Oxides for Photocatalytic and Gas Sensing Applications 265
Ritu Malik, Vijay K. Tomer, Vandna Chaudhary, Nirav Joshi and Surender Duhan
8.1 Semiconducting Metal Oxide as Photocatalysts 266
8.1.1 Organic Dyes as Major Source of Water Pollution 267
8.1.2 Conventional Method used for Dye Degradation 267
8.1.3 Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) 268
8.1.3.1 Homogeneous Photocatalysis 269
8.1.3.2 Heterogeneous Photocatalysts 269
8.1.4 Role of Electronic Structure of Semiconducting Metal Oxide in Photocatalysis 272
8.1.5 Basic Principle of Photocatalysis 274
8.1.6 Oxidizing Species Generation Mechanism 275
8.1.7 Semiconductor Photocatalysts 276
8.1.8 Kinetic Studies of Semiconductor Photocatalysis 278
8.1.9 Parameter Affecting the Dye Degradation 280
8.1.9.1 Catalyst Loading 280
8.1.9.2 Dye Concentration 280
8.1.9.3 Temperature 280
8.1.9.4 pH 281
8.2 Semiconducting Metal Oxide as Gas Sensor 281
8.2.1 Need of Gas Sensors 282
8.2.2 Evolution of Gas Sensors 285
8.2.2.1 Canary in a Cage 285
8.2.2.2 Flame Safety Lamp (Davey's Lamp) 285
8.2.3 Semiconducting Metal Oxides as Gas Sensors 286
8.2.4 Metal Oxide Gas Sensing Mechanism 287
8.2.5 Factors Influencing the Sensor Performance 289
8.3 Conclusion 291
Acknowledgments 292
References 292
9 Applications of Metal Oxide-Based Nanocomposites 303
Visakh P.M.
9.1 Introduction 303
9.2 Food and Agricultural Sector 305
9.3 Applications in Medicine 306
9.4 Water Barrier Properties 307
9.5 Thermal and Flame Retardants Apparitions 307
9.6 Water Disinfection Ability 308
9.7 Water Flux Application 308
9.8 Nanocomposites Membrane Apparitions 309
9.9 Wastewater Treatment 310
9.10 Non-Solvent Induced Phase Separation 310
9.11 Adsorption Performances Apparitions 310
9.12 Electrocatalytic Applications 311
9.13 Biosensors Application 312
9.14 Sensing Applications 313
9.15 Other Industrial Appreciations 315
9.16 Conclusions 316
References 317
10 Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Energy Harvesting and Sensing Applications 327
Bismi Badherdheen, B. Raneesh and P.M. Visakh
10.1 Introduction 327
10.2 What is Triboelectric Effect? 329
10.3 Mechanism of Triboelectric Nanogenerator (TENG) 329
10.4 How to Select the Materials for Your TENG? 330
10.5 Basic Operating Modes of TENG 331
10.5.1 Vertical Contact Separation Mode 331
10.5.2 Contact Sliding Mode 332
10.5.3 Single Electrode Mode 333
10.5.4 Freestanding Triboelectric Layer Mode 334
10.6 TENG as Mechanical Energy Harvester 334
10.6.1 TENG Based on Vertical Contact Separation Mode 335
10.6.2 TENG Based on Lateral Sliding Mode 348
10.6.3 TENG Based on Single Electrode Mode 350
10.6.4 TENG Based on Free Standing Triboelectric Layer Mode 352
10.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 353
References 353
11 Metal Oxide Nanocomposites for Wastewater Treatment 361
Pratiksha Joshi, Kanika Gupta, Rashi Gusain and Om P Khatri
11.1 Introduction 362
11.2 Adsorptive Removal of Water Pollutants 363
11.3 Photocatalytic Decomposition of Water Pollutants 364
11.4 Metal Oxide Nanocomposites 365
11.5 Removal and Decomposition of Inorganic Pollutants by Metal Oxide Nanocomposites 367
11.6 Removal and Decomposition of Organic Pollutants by Metal Oxide Nanocomposites 375
11.6.1 Adsorptive Removal and Photocatalytic Decomposition of Dyes 375
11.6.2 Adsorptive Removal and Photocatalytic Decomposition of APIs 379
11.6.3 Adsorptive Removal and Photocatalytic Decomposition of Pesticides 382
11.7 Conclusion and Outlook 384
References 385
Index 399
