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This new edition of
Industrial Power Distribution addresses key areas of electric power distribution from an end-user perspective, which will serve industry professionals and students develop the necessary skills for the power engineering field.
Ralph E. Fehr, III is an Instructor in the College of Engineering at the University of South Florida, Tampa USA. Dr. Fehr received the IEEE Region 3 Joseph M. Biedenbach Outstanding Engineering Educator award in 2011. He is an active IEEE Power and Energy Society Executive Committee Member and past IEEE PES Education Committee Panelist for educational reform. Dr. Fehr's current research interests are in power system planning methods and reliability enhancement techniques, infrastructure design improvements, high-power semiconductor applications at medium voltages, and engineering education reform.
PREFACE xi
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION xiii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xv
ABOUT THE AUTHOR xvii
CHAPTER 1 UTILITY SOURCE 1
1.1 Electrical Safety 1
1.2 Delivery Voltage 3
1.3 One-Line Diagrams 4
1.4 Zones of Protection 5
1.5 Source Configuration 6
1.6 The Per-Unit System 14
1.7 Power in AC Systems 18
1.8 Voltage Drop Calculations 20
1.9 Short-Circuit Availability 22
1.10 Conductor Sizing 23
1.11 Transformer Sizing 26
1.12 Liquid-Immersed Transformer kVA Ratings 30
Summary 32
For Further Reading 33
Questions 33
Problems 34
CHAPTER 2 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS AND METERING 37
2.1 Definitions 37
2.2 Instrument Transformers 39
2.2.1 Fundamentals 39
2.2.2 Correction Factors 46
2.2.3 Burden Calculations 47
2.2.4 ANSI Accuracy Classes 49
2.3 Metering Fundamentals 49
2.4 Watthour Metering 50
2.4.1 Single-Stator Watthour Metering 50
2.4.2 Multi-Stator Watthour Metering 52
2.5 Demand Metering 52
2.5.1 Kilowatt Demand 53
2.5.2 Kilovar and kVA Demand 53
2.6 Pulse-Operated Meters 54
2.7 Time-of-Use Meters 54
2.8 Special Metering 55
2.8.1 Voltage and Current Metering 55
2.8.2 Var and Q Metering 57
2.8.3 Compensating Metering 59
2.8.4 Totalizing Metering 60
2.8.5 Pulse Recorders 60
2.9 Digital Metering 61
2.10 Smart Meters 61
Summary 62
For Further Reading 63
Questions 63
Problems 64
CHAPTER 3 TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS 65
3.1 Voltage Selection 65
3.2 Ideal Transformer Model 66
3.3 Transformer Fundamentals 68
3.4 Transformer Circuit Model 71
3.5 Single-Phase Transformer Connections 71
3.6 Three-Phase Transformer Connections 73
3.6.1 Delta-Delta 74
3.6.2 Wye-Wye 76
3.6.3 Delta-Wye 78
3.6.4 Wye-Delta 82
3.6.5 Open Delta-Open Delta 82
3.6.6 Open Wye-Open Delta 86
3.7 Two-Phase Transformer Connections 88
3.7.1 T-Connection (Scott Connection) 89
3.8 Six-Phase Transformer Connections 92
3.9 Transformer Phase Shifts 93
3.10 Grounding Transformers 95
3.10.1 Wye-Delta 96
3.10.2 Zig-Zag Connection 96
3.11 Ferroresonance 97
Summary 98
For Further Reading 98
Questions 99
Problems 99
CHAPTER 4 FAULT CALCULATIONS 101
4.1 Overview 101
4.2 Types of Faults 102
4.3 Data Preparation 103
4.4 First-Cycle Symmetrical Current Calculations 105
4.5 Contact-Parting Symmetrical Current Calculations 112
4.6 Analyzing Unbalanced Systems 113
4.7 Physical Example of Vector Components 114
4.8 Application of Symmetrical Components to a Three-Phase Power System 116
4.9 Electrical Characteristics of the Sequence Currents 121
4.10 Sequence Networks 124
4.11 Short-Circuit Faults 134
4.11.1 Three-Phase Fault 134
4.11.2 Line-to-Ground Fault 136
4.11.3 Double Line-to-Ground Fault 138
4.11.4 Line-to-Line Fault 141
4.12 Open-Circuit Faults 143
4.12.1 One-Line-Open Fault 143
4.12.2 Two-Lines-Open Fault 147
Summary 150
For Further Reading 150
Questions 151
Problems 152
CHAPTER 5 PROTECTIVE DEVICE SELECTION AND COORDINATION 155
5.1 Overview 155
5.2 Power Circuit Breaker Selection 158
5.3 Fused Low-Voltage Circuit Breaker Selection 160
5.4 Molded-Case Circuit Breaker Selection 162
5.5 Medium-Voltage Fuse Selection 163
5.6 Current-Limiting Fuse Selection 166
5.7 Low-Voltage Fuse Selection 168
5.8 Overcurrent Device Coordination 169
5.9 Summary 174
For Further Reading 175
Questions 175
Problems 176
CHAPTER 6 RACEWAY DESIGN 179
6.1 Overview 179
6.2 Conduit and Duct Systems 181
6.2.1 Pulling Tension 187
6.2.2 Sidewall Pressure 188
6.2.3 Design Examples 189
6.3 Cable Tray Systems 194
6.3.1 Design Example 202
Summary 203
For Further Reading 203
Questions 204
Problems 204
CHAPTER 7 SWITCHGEAR AND MOTOR CONTROL CENTERS 207
7.1 Overview 207
7.2 NEMA Enclosures 208
7.3 Switchgear 208
7.3.1 Source Transfer 213
7.3.2 Configuration 214
7.3.3 Ratings 215
7.3.4 Circuit Breakers 217
7.4 Motor Control Centers 222
7.4.1 Configuration 223
7.4.2 Ratings 223
7.4.3 Starters 223
7.4.4 Protection 225
7.5 ARC Flash Hazard 226
Summary 231
For Further Reading 232
Questions 233
Problems 233
CHAPTER 8 LADDER LOGIC 235
8.1 Fundamentals 235
8.2 Considerations When Designing Logic 236
8.3 Logic Implementation 239
8.4 Seal-In Circuits 240
8.5 Interlocks 243
8.6 Remote Control and Indication 245
8.7 Reversing Starters 246
8.8 Jogging 248
8.9 Plugging 250
Summary 251
For Further Reading 251
Questions 251
Problems 252
CHAPTER 9 MOTOR APPLICATION 255
9.1 Fundamentals 255
9.2 Energy Conversion and Losses 259
9.3 Speed-Torque Curves 260
9.4 Motor Starting Time 263
9.5 Cable Sizing 264
9.6 Motor Protection 265
9.7 Circuit Protection 266
9.8 Winding Protection 266
9.9 Motor Starting Methods 267
9.9.1 Across-the-Line 267
9.9.2 Reduced Voltage Starting 267
9.9.3 Wye-Delta Starting 276
9.9.4 Part-Winding Starting 278
9.9.5 Solid-State Starting Options 278
Summary 283
For Further Reading 283
Questions 283
Problems 284
CHAPTER 10 LIGHTING SYSTEMS 287
10.1 Fundamentals 287
10.2 Lighting Technologies 288
10.2.1 Incandescent 288
10.2.2 Low-Pressure Discharge 290
10.2.3 High-Intensity Discharge 294
10.2.4 Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Lighting 297
10.3 Luminaire Designs 299
10.4 Electrical Requirements 301
10.5 Lighting System Design Examples 303
10.5.1 Parking Lot Lighting 303
10.5.2 Interior Lighting 311
Summary 315
For Further Reading 316
Questions 316
Problems 317
CHAPTER 11 POWER FACTOR CORRECTION 319
11.1 Overview 319
11.2 Configuration 321
11.2.1 Delta 321
11.2.2 Wye 322
11.2.3 Grounded Wye 322
11.3 Sizing and Placement 323
11.4 Capacitor Switching 324
11.5 Harmonics 329
11.6 Resonance 330
11.7 Protection 330
Summary 331
For Further Reading 332
Questions 332
Problems 332
CHAPTER 12 POWER QUALITY 335
12.1 Overview 335
12.2 Historical Perspective 335
12.3 Quantifying Power Quality 336
12.4 Continuity of Service 338
12.5 Voltage Requirements 340
12.6 Transients 341
12.7 Harmonics 341
12.7.1 Fourier Analysis 343
12.7.2 Effects of Harmonics 346
12.7.3 Harmonic Filters 349
12.8 Power Factor 352
Summary 353
For Further Reading 354
Questions 355
Problems 355
APPENDIX A: UNITS OF MEASUREMENT 357
APPENDIX B: CIRCUIT ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES 361
APPENDIX C: PHASORS AND COMPLEX NUMBER MATHEMATICS 369
APPENDIX D: IMPEDANCE DATA 373
APPENDIX E: AMPACITY DATA 381
APPENDIX F: CONDUIT DATA 401
INDEX 405
