Nicola Cooper is Consultant Physician and Honorary Clinical Associate Professor, Derby Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, and Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK

John Frain is General Practitioner and Director of Clinical Skills, Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK

Being a good clinician is not just about knowledge - how doctors and other healthcare professionals think, reason and make decisions is arguably their most critical skill. While medical schools and postgraduate training programmes teach and assess the knowledge and skills required to practice as a doctor, few offer comprehensive training in clinical reasoning or decision making. This is important because studies suggest that diagnostic error is common and results in significant harm to patients - and errors in reasoning account for the majority of diagnostic errors.
The ABC of Clinical Reasoning covers core elements of the thinking and decision making associated with clinical practice - from what clinical reasoning is, what it involves and how to teach it. Informed by the latest advances in cognitive psychology, education and studies of expertise, the ABC covers:
* Evidence-based history and examination
* Use and interpretation of diagnostic tests
* How doctors think - models of clinical reasoning
* Cognitive and affective biases
* Metacognition and cognitive de-biasing strategies
* Patient-centred evidence based medicine
* Teaching clinical reasoning
From an international team of authors, the ABC of Clinical Reasoning is essential reading for all students, medical professionals and other clinicians involved in diagnosis, in order to improve their decision-making skills and provide better patient care.

Contributors vi
Preface vii
1 Clinical Reasoning: An Overview 1
Nicola Cooper and John Frain
2 Evidence?-Based History and Examination, 6
Steven McGee and John Frain
3 Using and Interpreting Diagnostic Tests 12
Nicola Cooper
4 Models of Clinical Reasoning 17
Martin Hughes and Graham Nimmo
5 Cognitive Biases 22
Nicola Cooper
6 Human Factors 27
Nicola Cooper
7 Metacognition and Cognitive Debiasing 33
Pat Croskerry
8 Using Guidelines, Scores and Decision Aids 39
Maggie Bartlett and Simon Gay
9 Teaching Clinical Reasoning 44
Nicola Cooper, Ana L. Da Silva and Sian Powell
Recommended Books, Articles and Websites 51
Index 5