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Biorenewable polymers based nanomaterials are rapidly emerging as one of the most fascinating materials for multifunctional applications. Among biorenewable polymers, cellulose based nanomaterials are of great importance due to their inherent advantages such as environmental friendliness, biodegradability, biocompatibility, easy processing and cost effectiveness, to name a few. They may be produced from biological systems such as plants or be chemically synthesised from biological materials.
This book summarizes the recent remarkable achievements witnessed in green technology of cellulose based nanomaterials in different fields ranging from biomedical to automotive. This book also discusses the extensive research developments for next generation nanocellulose-based polymer nanocomposites. The book contains seventeen chapters and each chapter addresses some specific issues related to nanocellulose and also demonstrates the real potentialities of these nanomaterials in different domains.
The key features of the book are:
Preface xvii
Part 1: Synthesis and Characterization of Nanocellulose based Polymer Nanocomposites 1
1 Nanocellulose-Based Polymer Nanocomposites: An Introduction 3
Manju Kumari Thakur, Vijay Kumar Thakur and Raghavan Prasanth
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Nanocellulose: Source, Structure, Synthesis and Applications 5
1.3 Conclusions 12
References 13
2 Bacterial Cellulose-Based Nanocomposites: Roadmap for Innovative Materials 17
Ana R. P. Figueiredo, Carla Vilela, Carlos Pascoal Neto, Armando J. D. Silvestre and Carmen S. R. Freire
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Bacterial Cellulose Production, Properties and Applications 18
2.3 Bacterial Cellulose-Based Polymer Nanocomposites 28
2.4 Bacterial Cellulose-Based Hybrid Nanocomposite Materials 41
2.5 Acknowledgements
References 55
3 Polyurethanes Reinforced with Cellulose 65
María L. Auad, Mirna A. Mosiewicki and Norma E. Marcovich
3.1 Introduction 65
3.2 Conventional Polyurethanes Reinforced with Nanocellulose Fibers 67
3.3 Waterborne Polyurethanes Reinforced with Nanocellulose Fibers 76
3.4 Biobased Polyurethanes Reinforced with Nanocellulose Fibers 78
Conclusions and Final Remarks 84
References 85
4 Bacterial Cellulose and Its Use in Renewable Composites 89
Dianne R. Ruka, George P. Simon and Katherine M. Dean
4.1 Introduction 89
4.2 Cellulose Properties and Production 91
4.3 Tailor-Designing Bacterial Cellulose 105
4.4 Bacterial Cellulose Composites 114
4.5 Biodegradability 121
4.6 Conclusions 123
References 123
5 Nanocellulose-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites Fabricated by In-Situ Polymerization Technique 131
Dipa Ray and Sunanda Sain
5.1 Introduction 131
5.2 Cellulose as Filler in Polymer Matrix Composites 132
5.3 Cellulose Nanocomposites 138
5.4 In-Situ Polymerized Cellulose Nanocomposites 138
5.5 Novel Materials with Wide Application Potential 140
5.6 Effect of In-Situ Polymerization on Biodegradation Behavior of Cellulose Nanocomposites 154
5.7 Future of Cellulose Nanocomposites 157
References 159
6 Multifunctional Ternary Polymeric Nanocomposites Based on Cellulosic Nanore- inforcements 163
D. Puglia, E. Fortunati, C. Santulli and J. M. Kenny
6.1 Introduction 163
6.2 Cellulosic Reinforcements (CR) 166
6.3 Interaction of CNR with Different Nanoreinforcements 171
6.4 Ternary Polymeric Systems Based on CNR 179
6.5 Conclusions 190
Acknowledgments 191
References 191
7 Effect of Fiber Length on Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene Nanobiocomposites Reinforced with Kenaf Fiber and Nanoclay 199
Na Sim and Seong Ok Han
7.1 Introduction 199
7.2 Experimental 200
7.3 Results and Discussion 202
7.4 Conclusions 211
References 211
8 Cellulose-Based Liquid Crystalline Composite Systems 215
J. P. Borges, J. P. Canejo, S. N. Fernandes and M. H. Godinho
8.1 Introduction 215
8.2 Liquid Crystalline Phases of Cellulose and Its Derivatives 216
8.3 Conclusion 232
Acknowledgements 232
References 232
9 Recent Advances in Nanocomposites Based on Biodegradable Polymers and Nanocellulose 237
J. I. Morán, L. N. Ludueña and V. A. Alvarez
9.1 Introduction 237
9.2 Cellulose Bionanocomposites Incorporation of Cellulose Nanofibers into Biodegradable Polymers: General Effect on the Properties 243
9.3 Future Perspectives and Concluding Remarks 249
References 250
Part 2: Processing and Applications Nanocellulose based Polymer Nanocomposites 255
10 Cellulose Nano/Microfibers-Reinforced Polymer Composites: Processing Aspects 257
K. Priya Dasan and A. Sonia
10.1 Introduction 257
10.2 The Role of Isolation Methods on Composite Properties 260
10.3 Pretreatment of Fibers and Its Role in Composite Performance 262
10.4 Different Processing Methodologies in Cellulose Nanocomposites and Their Effect on Final Properties 264
10.5 Conclusion 268
References 268
11 Nanocellulose-Based Polymer Nanocomposite: Isolation, Characterization and Applications 273
H. P. S. Abdul Khalil, Y. Davoudpour, N. A. Sri Aprilia, Asniza Mustapha, Md. Nazrul Islam and Rudi Dungani
11.1 Introduction 274
11.2 Cellulose and Nanocellulose 274
11.3 Isolation of Nanocellulose 276
11.4 Characterization of Nanocellulose 283
11.5 Drying of Nanocellulose 289
11.6 Modifications of Nanocellulose 290
11.7 Nanocellulose-Based Polymer Nanocomposites 295
11.8 Conclusion 302
Acknowledgement 303
References 303
12 Electrospinning of Cellulose: Process and Applications 311
Raghavan Prasanth, Shubha Nageswaran, Vijay Kumar Takur and Jou-Hyeon Ahn
12.1 Cellulosic Fibers 311
12.2 Crystalline Structure of Electrospun Cellulose 312
12.3 Applications of Cellulose 313
12.4 Electrospinning 313
12.5 Electrospinning of Cellulose 317
12.6 Solvents for Electrospinning of Cellulose 318
12.7 Cellulose Composite Fibers 333
12.8 Conclusions 336
Abbreviations 336
Symbols 336
References 337
13 Effect of Kenaf Cellulose Whiskers on Cellulose Acetate Butyrate Nanocomposites Properties 341
Lukmanul Hakim Zaini, M. T. Paridah, M. Jawaid, AlothmanY. Othman and A. H. Juliana
13.1 Introduction 341
13.2 Experimental 342
13.3 Characterization 344
13.4 Result and Discussion 345
13.5 Conclusions 352
Acknowledgements 353
References 353
14 Processes in Cellulose Derivative Structures 355
Mihaela Dorina Onofrei, Adina Maria Dobos and Silvia Ioan
14.1 Introduction 355
14.2 Liquid Crystalline Polymers 357
14.3 Liquid Crystal Dispersed in a Polymer Matrix 359
14.4 Techniques for Obtaining Liquid Crystals Dispersed into a Polymeric Matrix 360
14.5 Some Methods to Characterize the Liquid Crystal State 360
14.6 Liquid Crystal State of Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives in Solution 364
14.7 Cellulose Derivatives/Polymers Systems 373
Conclusions 383
References 384
15 Cellulose Nanocrystals: Nanostrength for Industrial and Biomedical Applications 393
Anuj Kumar, Samit Kumar, Yuvraj Singh Negi and Veena Choudhary
15.1 Introduction 393
15.2 Cellulose and Its Sources 394
15.3 Nanocellulose 396
15.4 Cellulose Nanocrystals 398
15.5 Aqueous Suspension and Drying of CNCs 408
15.6 Functionalization of CNCs 410
15.7 Processing of CNCs for Biocomposites
15.8 Applications of CNCs-Reinforced Biocomposites 416
15.9 Biomedical Applications 421
15.10 Conclusion 427
Acknowledgements 428
References 428
16 Medical Applications of Cellulose and Its Derivatives: Present and Future 437
Karthika Ammini Sindhu, Raghavan Prasanth and Vijay Kumar Thakur
16.1 Historical Overview 438
16.2 Use of Cellulose for Treatment of Renal Failure 439
16.3 Types of Membranes 444
16.4 Use of Cellulose for Wound Dressing 447
16.5 Cotton as Wound Dressing Material 448
16.6 Biosynthesis, Structure and Properties of MC 450
16.7 MC as a Wound Healing System 451
16.8 Microbial Cellulose/Ag Nanocomposite 456
16.9 Nanocomposites of Microbial Cellulose and Chitosan 458
16.10 Commercialization of Microbial Cellulose 461
16.11 Use of Cellulose as Implant Material 462
16.12 Dental Applications 470
Conclusions 471
Abbreviations 472
Symbols 472
References 473
17 Bacterial Cellulose and Its Multifunctional Composites: Synthesis and Properties 479
V. Thiruvengadam and Satish Vitta
17.1 Introduction 479
17.2 Magnetic Composites 485
17.3 Composites with Catalytic Activity 489
17.4 Electrically Conducting Composites 492
17.5 Composites as Fuel Cell Components, Electrodes and Membrane 496
17.6 Optically Transparent and Mechanically Flexible Composites 499
17.7 Summary and Outlook 502
References 502
Vijay Kumar Thakur (Ph.D.) is a Staff Scientist in the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineeringat Washington State University -U.S.A. He is Editorial Board Member of several International Journals including Advanced Chemistry Letters, Lignocelluloses, Drug Inventions Today (Elsevier), International Journal of Energy Engineering, Journal of Textile Science & Engineering (U.S.A)> to name a few and also member of scientific bodies around the world.
His former appointments include Research Scientist in Temasek Laboratories, Nanyang Technological University, SINGAPORE, Visiting Research Fellow in the Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, LHU-TAIWAN and Post Doctorate in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, U.S.A.
In his academic career, he has published more than 100 research articles, patent and conference proceedings in the field of polymers and materials science. He has published ten books and twenty-five book chapters on the advanced state-of-the-art of polymers and materials science with numerous publishers. He has extensive expertise in the synthesis of polymers (natural/ synthetic), nano materials, nanocomposites, biocomposites, graft copolymers, high performance capacitors and electrochromic materials.
