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The book presents emerging economic and environmentally friendly lignocellulosic polymer composites materials that are free from side effects studied in the traditional synthetic materials. This book brings together panels of highly-accomplished leading experts in the field of lignocellulosic polymers & composites from academia, government, as well as research institutions across the globe and encompasses basic studies including preparation, characterization, properties and theory of polymers along with applications addressing new emerging topics of novel issues.
Preface xvii
Part I: LIGNOCELLULOSIC NATURAL POLYMERS BASED COMPOSITES
1 Lignocellulosic Polymer Composites: A Brief Overview 3
Manju Kumari Thakur, Aswinder Kumar Rana and Vijay Kumar Thakur
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Lignocellulosic Polymers: Source, Classification and Processing 4
1.3 Lignocellulosic Natural Fibers: Structure, Chemical Composition and Properties 8
1.4 Lignocellulosic Polymer Composites: Classification and Applications 10
1.5 Conclusions 13
2 Interfacial Adhesion in Natural Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites 17
E. Petinakis, L. Yu, G. Simon, X. Dai, Z. Chen and K. Dean
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 PLA-Based Wood-Flour Composites 18
2.3 Optimizing Interfacial Adhesion in Wood-Polymer Composites 20
2.4 Evaluation of Interfacial Properties 30
2.5 Conclusions 34
3 Research on Cellulose-Based Polymer Composites in Southeast Asia 41
Riza Wirawan and S.M. Sapuan
3.1 Introduction 42
3.2 Sugar Palm (Arenga pinnata) 44
3.3 Oil Palm (Elaeis Guineensis) 46
3.4 Durian (Durio Zibethinus) 49
3.5 Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes) 51
3.6 Summary 57
4 Hybrid Vegetable/Glass Fiber Composites 63
Sandro C. Amico, Jose R. M. d'Almeida, Laura H. de Carvalhoand Maria O. H. Cioffi
4.1 Introduction 63
4.2 Vegetable Fiber/Glass Fiber Thermoplastic Composites 67
4.3 Intra-Laminate Vegetable Fiber/glass Fiber Thermoset Composites 69
4.4 Inter-Laminate Vegetable Fiber/glass Fiber Thermoset Composites 71
4.5 Concluding Remarks 75
Acknowledgement 76
References 76
5 Flax-Based Reinforcement Requirements for Obtaining Structural and Complex Shape Lignocellulosic Polymer Composite Parts 83
Pierre Ouagne and Damien Soulat
5.1 Introduction 84
5.2 Experimental Procedures 86
5.3 Results and Discussion 90
5.4 Discussions 97
5.5 Conclusions 98
6 Typical Brazilian Lignocellulosic Natural Fibers as Reinforcement of Thermosetting and Thermoplastics Matrices 103
Patrícia C. Miléo, Rosineide M. Leão, Sandra M. Luz, George J. M. Rocha and Adilson R. Gonçalves
6.1 Introduction 104
6.2 Experimental 105
6.3 Results and Discussion 110
6.4 Conclusions 122
Acknowledgements 123
7 Cellulose-Based Starch Composites: Structure and Properties 125
Carmen-Alice Teacã, Ruxanda Bodîrlãu and Iuliana Spiridon
7.1 Introduction 125
7.2 Starch and Cellulose Biobased Polymers for Composite Formulations 126
7.3 Chemical Modification of Starch 127
7.4 Cellulose-Based Starch Composites 129
7.5 Conclusions/Perspectives 139
8 Spectroscopy Analysis and Applications of Rice Husk and Gluten Husk Using Computational Chemistry 147
Norma-Aurea Rangel-Vazquez, Virginia Hernandez-Montoya and Adrian Bonilla-Petriciolet
8.1 Introduction 148
8.2 Methodology 160
8.3 Results and Discussions 161
8.4 Conclusions 171
9 Oil Palm Fiber Polymer Composites: Processing, Characterization and Properties 175
S. Shinoj and R. Visvanathan
9.1 Introduction 176
9.2 Oil Palm Fiber 177
9.3 Oil Palm Fiber Composites 184
9.4 Conclusions 208
10 Lignocellulosic Polymer Composites: Processing, Characterization and Properties 213
Bryan L. S. Sipião, Lais Souza Reis, Rayane de Lima Moura Paiva, Maria Rosa Capri and Daniella R. Mulinari
10.1 Introduction 213
10.2 Palm Fibers 214
10.3 Pineapple Fibers 220
Acknowledgements 227
Part II: CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF CELLULOSIC MATERIALS FOR ADVANCED COMPOSITES
11 Agro-Residual Fibers as Potential Reinforcement Elements for Biocomposites 233
Nazire Deniz Yilmaz
11.1 Introduction 233
11.2 Fiber Sources 235
11.3 Fiber Extraction methods 239
11.4 Classification of Plant Fibers 246
11.5 Properties of Plant Fibers 247
11.6. Properties of Agro-Based Fibers 249
11.7 Modification of Agro-Based Fibers 258
11.8 Conclusion 266
12 Surface Modification Strategies for Cellulosic Fibers 271
Inderdeep Singh, Pramendra Kumar Bajpai
12.1 Introduction 271
12.2 Special Treatments during Primary Processing 273
12.3 Other Chemical Treatments 277
12.4 Conclusions 278
13 Effect of Chemical Functionalization on Functional Properties of Cellulosic Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites 281
Ashvinder Kumar Rana, Amar Singh Singha, Manju Kumari Thakur and Vijay Kumar Thakur
13.1 Introduction 282
13.2 Chemical Functionalization of Cellulosic Fibers 283
13.3 Results and Discussion 284
13.4 Conclusion 297
14 Chemical Modification and Properties of Cellulose-Based Polymer Composites 301
Md. Saiful Islam, Mahbub Hasan and Mansor Hj. Ahmad @ Ayob
14.1 Introduction 302
14.2 Alkali Treatment 303
14.3 Benzene Diazonium Salt Treatment 306
14.4 o-hydroxybenzene Diazonium Salt Treatment 310
14.5 Succinic Anhydride Treatment 313
14.6 Acrylonitrile Treatment 317
14.7 Maleic Anhydride Treatment 318
14.8 Nanoclay Treatment 318
14.9 Some other Chemical Treatment with Natural Fibers 320
14.10 Conclusions 321
Part III: PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF CELLULOSE/ POLYMER COMPOSITES 325
15 Weathering of Lignocellulosic Polymer Composites 327
Asim Shahzad and D. H. Isaac
15.1 Introduction 328
15.2 UV Radiation 330
15.3 Moisture 335
15.4 Testing of Weathering Properties 342
15.5 Studies on Weathering of LPCs 345
15.6 Conclusions 362
16 Effect of Layering Pattern on the Physical, Mechanical and Acoustic Properties of Luffa/Coir Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Novolac Hybrid Composites 369
Sudhir Kumar Saw, Gautam Sarkhel and Arup Choudhury
16.1 Introduction 369
16.2 Experimental 373
16.3. Characterization of ENR-Based Luffa/Coir Hybrid Composites 374
16.4 Results and Discussion 376
16.5 Conclusions 383
Acknowledgements 383
17 Fracture Mechanism of Wood-Plastic Composites (WPCS): Observation and Analysis 385
Fatemeh Alavi, Amir Hossein Behravesh and Majid Mirzaei
17.1 Introduction 385
17.2 Fracture Mechanism 396
17.3 Toughness Characterization 398
17.4 Fracture Observation 400
17.5 Fracture Analysis 402
17.6 Conclusion 409
18 Mechanical Behavior of Biocomposites under Different Operating Environments 417
Inderdeep Singh, Kishore Debnath and Akshay Dvivedi
18.1 Introduction 417
18.2 Classification and Structure of Natural Fibers 419
18.3 Moisture Absorption Behavior of Biocomposites 421
18.4 Mechanical Characterization of Biocomposites in a Humid Environment 423
18.5 Oil Absorption Behavior and Its Effects on Mechanical Properties of Biocomposites 424
18.6 UV-Irradiation and Its Effects on Mechanical Properties of Biocomposites 425
18.7 Mechanical Behavior of Biocomposites Subjected to Thermal Loading 426
18.8 Biodegradation Behavior and Mechanical Characterization of Soil Buried Biocomposites 428
18.9 Conclusions 429
Part IV: APPLICATIONS OF CELLULOSE/ POLYMER COMPOSITES 433
19 Cellulose Composites for Construction Applications 435
Catalina Gómez Hoyos and Analía Vazquez
19.1 Polymers Reinforced with Natural Fibers for Construction Applications 435
19.2 Portland Cement Matrix Reinforced with Natural Fibers for Construction Applications 440
20 Jute: An Interesting Lignocellulosic Fiber for New Generation Applications 453
Murshid Iman and Tarun K. Maji
20.1 Introduction 453
20.2 Reinforcing Biofibers 455
20.3 Biodegradable Polymers 465
20.4 Jute-Reinforced Biocomposites 466
20.5 Applications 468
20.6 Concluding Remarks 468
Acknowledgement 469
21 Cellulose-Based Polymers for Packaging Applications 477
Behjat Tajeddin
21.1 Introduction 477
21.2 Cellulose as a Polymeric Biomaterial 481
21.3 Cellulose as Coatings and Films Material 490
21.4 Nanocellulose or Cellulose Nanocomposites 492
21.5 Quality Control Tests 493
21.6 Conclusions 495
22 Applications of Kenaf-Lignocellulosic Fiber in Polymer Blends 499
Norshahida Sarifuddin and Hanafi Ismail
22.1 Introduction 499
22.2 Natural Fibers 500
22.3 Kenaf: Malaysian Cultivation 505
22.4 Kenaf Fibers and Composites 508
22.5 Kenaf Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)/Thermoplastic Sago Starch (TPSS) Blends 509
22.6 The Effects of Kenaf Fiber Treatment on the Properties of LDPE/TPSS Blends 512
22.7 Outlook and Future Trends 517
Acknowledgement 517
23 Application of Natural Fiber as Reinforcement in Recycled Polypropylene Biocomposites 523
Sanjay K Nayak and Gajendra Dixit
23.1 Introduction 523
23.2 Recycled Polypropylene (RPP) - A matrix for Natural Fiber Composites 533
23.3 Natural Fiber-Based Composites - An Overview 534
23.4 Conclusion 545
Index 551
Vijay Kumar Thakur, Ph.D. is a staff scientist in the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineeringat Washington State University, U.S.A. He is editorial board member of several international journals including Advanced Chemistry Letters, Lignocelluloses, Drug Inventions Today (Elsevier), International Journal of Energy Engineering, Journal of Textile Science & Engineering (U.S.A).
He also member of scientific bodies around the world. His former appointments include as a research scientist in Temasek Laboratories at Nanyang Technological University Singapore, visiting research fellow in the Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering at Lhu-Taiwan and post-doctorate in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Iowa State University, USA.
In his academic career, he published more than 100 research articles, patent and conference proceedings in the field of polymers and materials science. He has published ten books and twenty-five book chapters on the advanced state-of-the-art of polymers and materials science with numerous publishers. He has extensive expertise in the synthesis of natural and synthetic polymers, nano-materials, nanocomposites, biocomposites, graft copolymers, high performance capacitors and electrochromic materials.
