Dr. Alexander Hudson is a Research Fellow in the Comparative Constitutionalism Fellow Group at the Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity. His research focuses on the role of citizens in processes of constitutional change, including participatory drafting processes, referendums, and crowdsourcing.

1. Introduction; 2. Theoretical Foundations; 3. South Africa; 4. Brazil; 5. Iceland; 6. Cross-National Analysis; 7. Participation Reconsidered.