Part I. Introduction: 1. Bilingual processing: a dynamic and rapidly changing field John W. Schwieter and Natasha Tokowicz; Part II. Theories and Methodologies: 2. Six decades of research on bilingual representation and processing Nan Jiang; 3. Computational modeling of bilingual language acquisition and processing: conceptual and methodological considerations Ping Li and Xiaowei Zhao; 4. Methods for studying adult bilingualism Michael Spivey and Cynthia Cardon; 5. Methods for studying infant bilingualism Krista Byers-Heinlein; Part III. Acquisition and Development: 6. Becoming bilingual: are there different learning pathways? Núria Sebastián-Gallés; 7. Phonology and morphology in lexical processing Kira Gor; 8. Processing perspectives on instructed second language acquisition Bill VanPatten; 9. Learning second language vocabulary: insights from laboratory studies Natasha Tokowicz and Tamar Degani; 10. Second language constructions: usage-based acquisition and transfer Nick Ellis, Ute Römer and Matthew O'Donnell; 11. Variability in bilingual processing: a dynamic approach Wander Lowie and Kees de Bot; Part IV. Comprehension and Representation: 12. Conceptual representation in bilinguals: the role of language specificity and conceptual change Panos Athanasopoulos; 13. Emotion word processing within and between languages Jeanette Altarriba and Dana Basnight-Brown; 14. Orthographic processing in bilinguals Walter van Heuven and Emily Coderre; 15. Bilingual lexical access during written sentence comprehension Ana Schwartz; 16. Cross-language interactions during bilingual sentence processing Paola Dussias, Amelia Dietrich and Álvaro Villegas; Part V. Production: 17. Individual differences in second language speech production Judit Kormos; 18. Parallel language activation in bilinguals' word production and its modulating factors: a review and computer simulations Annette de Groot and Peter Starreveld; 19. Cross-language asymmetries in codeswitching patterns: implications for bilingual language production Carol Myers-Scotton and Janice Jake; 20. Intra-sentential code-switching: cognitive and neural approaches Janet van Hell, Kaitlyn Litcofsky and Caitlin Ting; Part VI. Control: 21. Selection and control in bilingual comprehension and production Judith Kroll, Jason Gullifer, Rhonda McClain, Eleonora Rossi and María Cruz Martín; 22. On the mechanism and scope of language control in bilingual speech production Cristina Baus, Francesca Branzi and Albert Costa; 23. Behavioural measures of language control: production and comprehension Julia Festman and John W. Schwieter; 24. Neural perspectives of language control Arturo Hernandez; Part VII. Consequences of Bilingualism: 25. Cognitive consequences of bilingualism: executive control and cognitive reserve Ellen Bialystok and Fergus Craik; 26. Does bilingual exercise enhance cognitive fitness in traditional non-linguistic executive processing tasks? Matthew Hilchey, Jean Saint-Aubin and Raymond Klein; 27. Neural consequences of bilingualism for cortical and subcortical function Jennifer Krizman and Viorica Marian; 28. How bilingualism shapes the mental lexicon Gary Libben and Mira Goral; 29. Losing a first language to a second language Eve Higby and Loraine Obler; 30. Moving beyond two languages: the effects of multilingualism on language processing and language learning Jared Linck, Erica Michael, Ewa Golonka, Alina Twist and John W. Schwieter.