Human Costs of War documents and analyses the direct and indirect toll that war takes on civilians and their livelihoods, taking a human security approach exploring personal, economic, political and community security in Afghanistan, Iraq and Ukraine, in the contexts of the War on Terror and the New Cold War.

Bulent Gokay is Professor of International Relations at Keele University, UK, and a founding member of Iraq Body Count.

Lily Hamourtziadou is Senior Lecturer in Criminology, Security and Policing at Birmingham City University, UK, and a principal researcher of Iraq Body Count.

Introduction 1. America's Road to the War on Terror 2. The Human Costs of the War on Terror 3. The New Cold War: Putin's War in Ukraine, 2014-2022 4. War Crimes and Future Wars Conclusion: New Cold War of the 21st Century and Human Security References