This Element explores the cycle of sub-state nationalist mobilization in Southeast Asia due to insufficient inclusion and authoritarian state use. To reduce mobilization, the state changed policies to recognize group distinctiveness and accommodate regional/local territorial units, focusing on Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Myanmar.

1. Nationalism: definition and scope; 2. State nationalism and sub-state nationalist mobilization; 3. The Philippines; 4. Myanmar; 5. Thailand; Conclusion; References.