This book details the historical trajectory of the global struggle to access medicines.

Srividhya Ragavan is a Professor of Law and Director of the India Program at Texas A&M University School of Law, Texas, United States.

Amaka Vanni is an Assistant Professor at School of Law, University of Leeds, United Kingdom.

Introduction Access to Medicine and TRIPS Agreement: A Historiographic Mapping of the Tradescape Srividhya Ragavan and Amaka Vanni Part I: International Norm Setting and Patent Metamorphosis: First Generation 1. World Trade Organization: A Barrier to Global Public Health? Srividhya Ragavan 2. World Health Organization: Contributions to Access to Health and TRIPS Agreement Discourse Susan Isiko strba 3. From TRIPS to Access to Medicines: What's There in Between? Sergio Napolitano 4. Free Trade Agreements: Longer, Further, Deeper Impact on Pharmaceutical Patents Bryan Mercurio 5. From the TPP to USMCA: A High-Powered Battle over Biologics Burcu Kilic 6. African Union Continental Free Trade Area: Opportunities for New Regional Discourse? J. Janewa Osei-Tutu 7. U.S. Litigated Government Funded Patents in Europe and Japan: A First Look Teo Firpo and Michael S. Mireles Part II: State Action and the Access to Medicine Debate: Second Generation 8. Brazil: Patent Barriers and Access to Medicine through Public Health System Gabriela Costa Chaves, Maria Auxiladora Oliveira, and Jorge Antonio Zepeda Bermudez 9. China: From Struggle to Surge: China's TRIPS Experience and its Lessons for Access to Medicines Peter K. Yu 10. Canada: Access to Medicine in High-Income Countries Gaëlle Groux and Jeremy de Beer 11. India: Pharmaceutical Patents and Evergreen Battle for Access to Medicine Anand Grover 12. South Africa's Three Decades of Access to Medicine Discourse: Blight or Benefit Caroline B. Ncube 13. Thailand: Shooting Star for Access to Medicine through Compulsory Licensing Van Anh Le 14. United States: Unilateral Norm Setting Using Special 301 Michael Palmedo Part III: Global Patterns and Emerging Issues: Third Generation 15. Access to Medicines Activism: Collaboration, Conflicts, and Complementarities Brook K. Baker 16. GTPI: Experiences to Overcome IP Barriers to Increase Access to Medicine Felipe de Carvalho Borges da Fonseca, Marcela Fogaça Vieira, and Pedro Villardi 17. Private Sector: Right to Health Responsibilities of Pharmaceutical Companies Emmanuel Kolawole Oke 18. Competition: Can Excessive Pricing be Fixed through Abuse of Dominant Position? Shirin Syed 19. The Unique World of Pharmaceutical Intellectual Property Rights Emily Michiko Morris 20. Innovation Policies: Roadblocks to Establishing Sustainable Pharmaceutical Innovation Policies Doris Estelle Long 21. Not Just Patents and Data Exclusivity: The Role of Trademarks in Integrated IP Strategy - Where Lies the Public Interest? Graham Dutfield 22. Indigenous Knowledge: Bridging with Modern Medicine Anthony C. K. Kakooza 23. Digital Divide and Access to Medicine: The Debate Swaraj Paul Barooah Part IV: COVID-19 and Access to Medicines Lessons from COVID-19 for Medicine Access Amaka Vanni