This book is based on original research into intimidation and violence directed at civilians by combatants during the revolutionary period in Ireland, considering this from the perspectives of the British, the Free State and the IRA.

Thomas Earls FitzGerald is a historian of modern Ireland. He was previously a research fellow at the Centre for Contemporary Irish History at Trinity College Dublin and a James Flaherty research scholar with the Ireland - Canada University Foundation at Concordia University, Montreal. This is his first book.

Introduction 1

1 Fond memories, location and hostility: the role of civilians in republican testimony, 1918-23 20

2 Delinquent youths and the moderate majority: the role of civilians in the records of the crown forces and Free State army, 1918-23 44

3 Crime, alcohol, travellers and emigration: republican policing in 1920 68

4 The development of the IRA's campaign against combatants and civilians in 1920 92

5 '...the Tans appeared to have gone absolutely mad': the crown forces and violence, 1920-21 130

6 Ambushes, harassment, arson, and spies and informers: IRA violence in 1921 175

7 Truce and civil war 211