Introduction
Eric Langenbacher, Bill Niven, & Ruth Wittlinger

Chapter 1. Dynamics of Generational Memory: Understanding the East-West Divide
Harald Wydra

Chapter 2. Time-out for National Heroes? Gender as an Analytical Category in the Study of Memory Cultures
Helle Bjerg & Claudia Lenz

Chapter 3. The Memory-Market Dictum: Gauging the Inherent Bias in Different Data Sources Common in Collective Memory Studies
Mark A. Wolfgram

Chapter 4. Remembering WWII in Europe - Structures of Remembrance
Christian Gudehus

Chapter 5. Ach(tung) Europa: German Writers and the Establishment of a Collective Memory of Europe
Hans-Joachim Hahn

Chapter 6. Critiquing the Stranger, Inventing Europe: Integration and the Fascist Legacy
Mark Wagstaff

Chapter 7. The Thread That Binds Together: Lidice, Oradour, Putten, and the Memory of World War II
Madelon de Keizer

Chapter 8. Memory of World War II in France: National and Transnational Dynamics
Henning Meyer

Chapter 9. The Field of the Blackbirds and the Battle for Europe
Anna Di Lellio

Chapter 10. Transformation of Memory in Croatia: Removing Yugoslav Anti-Fascism
Ljiljana Radonic

Chapter 11. German Victimhood Discourse in Comparative Perspective
Bill Niven

Chapter 12. Shaking off the Past? The New Germany in the New Europe
Ruth Wittlinger

Conclusion: A Plea for an "Intergovernmental" European Memory
Eric Langenbacher

Notes on Contributors
Bibliography
Index

The collapse of the Iron Curtain, the renationalization of eastern Europe, and the simultaneous eastward expansion of the European Union have all impacted the way the past is remembered in today's eastern Europe. At the same time, in recent years, the Europeanization of Holocaust memory and a growing sense of the need to stage a more "self-critical" memory has significantly changed the way in which western Europe commemorates and memorializes the past. The increasing dissatisfaction among scholars with the blanket, undifferentiated use of the term "collective memory" is evolving in new directions. This volume brings the tension into focus while addressing the state of memory theory itself.

Ruth Wittlinger (1961-2020) was a Senior Lecturer in the School of Government and International Affairs at the University of Durham, UK.  She authored German National Identity in the Twenty-First Century: A Different Republic After All? (Basingstoke, 2010).