"What gives "The Brazil Reader" its special cachet is freshness, sensitivity, and empathy in its diversity of perspectives on twentieth-century Brazil, from the top down, from the bottom up, and from somewhere in the middle."--Stanley J. Stein, Princeton University

Acknowledgments xi
A Note on Style xiii
Introduction 1
I. Origins, Conquest, and Colonial Rule
The Origin of Fire / Cayapo Legend 16
Noble Savages / John Hemming 20
A Description of the Tupinamba / Anonymous 25
The First Wave / Warren Dean 33
Letter to Governor Tome de Sousa / Manoel da Nobrega 37
From the River of Jenero / Francisco Suares 41
The Sins of Maranhao / Antonio Vieira 43
Minas Uprising of 1720 / Anonymous 45
Smuggling in the Diamond District / George Gardner 52
Decree Elevating Brazil to a Kingdom / Joao VI 56
II. Imperial and Republican Brazil
Declaration of Brazilian Independence, 1822 / Pedro I 63
The Baron of Parnaiba / George Gardner 65
Uprising in Maranhao, 1839-1840 / Domingos Jose Goncalves de Magalhaes 69
A Paraiba Plantation, 1850-1860 / Stanley J. Stein 76
The Paraguayan War Victory Parade / Peter M. Beattie 87
A Vanishing Way of Life / Gilberto Freyre 91
A Mirror of Progress / Dain Borges 93
Drought and the Image of the Northeast / Gerald M. Greenfield 100
Dom Pedro the Magnanimous / Mary Wilhelmine Williams 104
Solemn Inaugural Session of December 24, 1900 / Congress of Engineering and Industry 107
Intellectuals at Play / Olavo Bilac Colllection 109
City of Mist / Manoel Sousa Pinto 110
The Civilist Campaign / J. R. Lobao 113
Gaucho Leaders, 1923 / Photograph 115
Factory Rules, 1924 / Abramo Eberle Metalworks Management 116
III. Slavery and Its Aftermath
The War against Palmares / Anonymous 125
Slave Life at Morro Velho Mine / Sir Richard Francis Burton 131
Scenes from the Slave Trade / Logbook Entries; Joao Dunshee de Abrantes 135
Cruelty to Slaves / Thomas Ewbank 138
Slavery and Society / Joaquim Nabuco 143
Abolition Decree, 1888 / Princess Isabel and Rodrigo Augusto da Silva 145
Laws Regulating Beggars in Minas Gerais, 1900 / Liegislature of Minas Gerais 146
IV. The Vargas Era
The Social Question / Platform of the Liberal Alliance, 1930 156
Manifesto, May 1930 / Luis Carlos Prestes 158
Heroes of the Revolution / Composite Postcard Photograph 160
The "Gold for Sao Paulo" Building, 1932 / Cristina Mehrtens 162
Where They Talk about Rosa Luxemburg / Patricia Galvao 166
Two Versions of Factory Life / Photographers Unknown 172
Seized Correspondence from Communists, 1935-1945 / Dossier 20, Police Archives 176
The Paulista Synagogue / Gustavo Barroso 182
Why the Estado Novo? / Oliveira Vianna 184
New Year's Address, 1938 / Getulio Vargas 186
Rural Life / Photographers Unknown 190
A New Survey of Brazilian Life / Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics 195
General George C. Marshall's Mission to Brazil / Katherine Tupper Marshall 197
Comments on the Estado Novo / Bailey W. Diffie 200
Educational Reform after Twenty Years / Anisio S. Teixeira 204
Ordinary People: Five Lives Affected by Vargas-Era Reforms / Apolonio de Carvalho, Geraldo Valdelirios Novais, Frederico Heller, Maurilio Thomas Ferreira, Joana de Masi Zero 206
Vargas's Suicide Letter, 1954 / Getulio Vargas 222
V. Seeking Democracy and Equity
Rehearsal for the Coup / Araken Tavora 231
The Military Regime / Antonio Pedro Tota 235
Excerpts from the 1967 Brazilian Constitution 238
Tropicalism and Brazilian Popular Music under Military Rule / Christopher Dunn 241
Literature under the Dictatorship / Elizabeth Ginway 248
Pele Speaks / Edson Arantes Nascimento da Silva 254
The Maximum Norm of the Exercise of Liberty / Grupo da Educacao Moral e Civica 258
Families of Fishermen Confront the Sharks / Paulo Lima 260
The Reality of the Brazilian Countryside / Landless Movement (MST) 264
The "Greatest Administrative Scandal" / Seth Garfield 268
Life on an Occupied Ship / Marcal Joao Scarante 274
A Letter from Brazil / Juliano Spyer 277
Inaugural Address / Fernando Henrique Cardoso 280
Fernando Henrique Cardoso: Theory and Practice / Ted G. Goertzel 289
Is Brazil Hopelessly Corrupt? / Roberto DaMatta 295
VI. Women's Lives
Aunt Zeze's Tears / Emilia Moncorva Bandeira de Mello 302
Tarsila and the 1920s / Carol Damian and Cristina Mehrtens 308
The Integral Woman / Provincia de Guanabara 317
The Children Always Had Milk / Maria Puerta Ferreira 319
Women of the Forest / Yolanda and Robert F. Murphy 323
My Life / Maria das Dores Gomes Batista 327
A Healer's Story / Maria Geralda Ferreira 331
Sonia, a Middle-Class Woman / Alison Raphael 334
Family Life in Recife / Fanny Mitchell 337
Xuxa and the Televisual Imaginary / Amelia Simpson 343
Dreams of Uneducated Women / Jose Carlos Sebe Bom Meihy 348
VII. Race and Ethnic Relations
A Letter from Brazil, 1918 / Jose Clarana 354
Growing Up Black in Minas Gerais / Carolina Maria de Jesus 359
Exotic Peoples / Indian Protection Agency 365
Brazil: Study in Black, Brown, and Beige / Leslie B. Rout Jr. 367
Immigrant Ethnicity in Brazil / Jeffrey Lesser 374
The Myth of Racial Democracy / Abdias do Nascimento 379
The National Day against Racism / Revista MNU 382
The Church Tries to Combat Prejudice / Bernardete Toneto 384
What Color Are You? / Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics 386
Mixed Blood / Jefferson M. Fish 391
VIII. Realities
The Animal Game / Clayton S. Cooper 398
How Brazil Works / Robert M. Levine 402
Iansa Is Not Santa Barbara / Ile Axe Opo Afonja 408
Upward Mobility Is Possible / Alcides Nazario Guerreiro Bruto 411
Crab and Yoghurt / Tobias Hecht 415
Voices from the Pavement / Claudia Milito and Helio R. S. Silva 420
Pixote's Fate / Robert M. Levine 423
A Letter to President Cardoso / Caius Brandao 430
The History of the Huni Kui People / Sia Kaxinawa 432
Urban Indians / Juliano Spyer 436
Mayor Orders Billboard Shacks Destroyed / Juliana Raposo 441
Cultural Imperialism at Its Most Fashionable / Roger M. Allen 447
The Gay and Lesbian Movement in Brazil / James N. Green 454
Liberation Theology's Rise and Fall / Robin Nagle 462
IX. Saudades
Bananas Is My Business / Helena Solberg 471
The Invention of Tradition on Brazilian Radio / Bryan McCann 474
Bahia Music Story / Bill Hinchberger 483
O Axe de Zumbi / Paulo Lima and Bernadete Toneto 487
At Carnival / Pedro Ribeiro 490
Two Poets Sing the New World / Jessica Callaway 491
Two Essays on Sports / Janet Lever and Jose Carlos Sebe Bom Methy 497
Suggestions for Further Reading 505
Acknowledgment of Copyrights 511
Index 519

Robert M. Levine and John J. Crocitti, eds.