The author examines to what extent Confucian philosophy, practices and presuppositions underpin and shape the education systems, policies and reforms of Singapore, Shanghai and Hong Kong.

Charlene Tan, PhD, is an associate professor at the National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. She has held visiting appointments at the East Asian Institute, National University of Singapore; Institute of International and Comparative Education, Beijing Normal University; and Centre for East Asian and Comparative Philosophy, City University of Hong Kong.

List of Appendices, Chart, Figures, Photos, and Tables List of Abbreviations Preface Acknowledgements 1. Introduction 2. Performance as Testing: International Large-Scale Assessments 3. Formal Assessment, Private Tutoring, and Confucian Habitus 4. Beyond High-Stakes Exams: Holistic Education in Singapore, Shanghai, and Hong Kong 5. Educational Harmonisation and an East Asian Educational Model (EAEM) 6. Pragmatism in Singapore 7. Correlative Thinking in Shanghai 8. East-West Balance in Hong Kong 9. Conclusions and Implications Appendices References Index