Jack H. Nagel is Professor Emeritus of Political Science at the University of Pennsylvania and author of The Descriptive Analysis of Power and Participation. Rogers M. Smith is Christopher H. Browne Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of Pennsylvania. He is editor of Citizenship, Borders, and Human Needs and coeditor of Varieties of Citizenship and Sovereignty, both available from the University of Pennsylvania Press.

Introduction. The Multiplying Challenges of Modern Representation
—Rogers M. Smith and Jack H. Nagel
I. REPRESENTATION THROUGH ELECTIONS
Chapter 1. Evaluating U.S. Electoral Institutions in Comparative Perspective
—André Blais
Chapter 2. Are American Elections Sufficiently Democratic?
—Dennis F. Thompson
Chapter 3. Barriers to Voting in the Twenty-First Century
—Alexander Keyssar
Chapter 4. Uneven Democracy: Turnout, Minority Interests, and Local Government Spending
—Zoltan Hajnal and Jessica Trounstine
Chapter 5. Fairness and Bias in Electoral Systems
—Anthony McGann
Chapter 6. Political Party Organizations, Civic Representation, and Participation
—Georgia Kernell
II. REPRESENTATION BEYOND ELECTIONS
Chapter 7. The Paradox of Voting—for Republicans: Economic Inequality, Political Organization, and the American Voter
—Jacob S. Hacker and Paul Pierson
Chapter 8. A Democratic Balance: Bureaucracy, Political Parties, and Political Representation
—Pradeep Chhibber and Susan L. Ostermann
Chapter 9. The Closing of the Frontier: Political Blogs, the 2008 Election, and the Online Public Sphere
—Matthew Hindman
Chapter 10. The Technological Basis of Organizational Membership: Representation of Interests in the New Media Age
—Dave Karpf
Chapter 11. The Principle of Affected Interests: An Interpretation and Defense
—Archon Fung
Chapter 12. Citizen Representatives
—Mark E. Warren
Notes
List of Contributors
Index
Acknowledgments

Edited by Jack H. Nagel and Rogers M. Smith