Creeks and Southerners examines the families created by the hundreds of intermarriages between Creek Indian women and European American men in the southeastern United States during the eighteenth and early nineteenth century. Called "Indian countrymen" at the time, these intermarried white men moved into their wives' villages in what is now Florida, Georgia, and Alabama. By doing so, they obtained new homes, familial obligations, occupations, and identities. At the same time, however, they maintained many of their ties to white American society and as a result entered the historical record in large numbers. Creeks and Southerners studies the ways in which many children of these relationships lived simultaneously as Creek Indians and white Southerners. By carefully altering their physical appearances, choosing appropriate clothing, learning multiple languages, embracing maternal and paternal kinsmen and kinswomen, and balancing their loyalties, the children of intermarriages found ways to bridge what seemed to be an unbridgeable divide. Many became prominent Creek political leaders and warriors, played central roles in the lucrative deerskin trade, built inns and taverns to cater to the needs of European American travelers, frequently moved between colonial American and Native communities, and served both European American and Creek officials as interpreters, assistants, and travel escorts. The fortunes of these bicultural children reflect the changing nature of Creek-white relations, which became less flexible and increasingly contentious throughout the nineteenth century as both Creeks and Americans accepted a more rigid biological concept of race, forcing their bicultural children tochoose between identities.

Andrew K. Frank is the Allen Morris Associate Professor of History at Florida State University.  He is the author or editor of eight books, including The Routledge Historical Atlas of the American South.

Acknowledgments

Series Editors' Introduction

Introduction: The Problem of Identity in the Early American Southeast

Chapter 1: The Invitation Within

Chapter 2: "This Asylum of Liberty"

Chapter 3: Kin and Strangers

Chapter 4: Parenting and Practice

Chapter 5: In Two Worlds

Chapter 6: Tustunnuggee Hutkee and the Limits of Dual Identities

Chapter 7: The Insistence of Race

Epilogue: Race, Clan, and Creek

Abbreviations

Notes

Selected Bibliography

Index