Patients with two or more risk factors have a very high risk of developing cardiovascular disease. It follows that the strategy for the intervention of multiple risk factors is in fact of paramount relevance in detecting patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease requiring therapeutic intervention.
Multiple Risk Factors in Cardiovascular Disease: Vascular and Organ Protection also discusses risk factors from the point of view of biochemists and pharmacologists by addressing the mechanisms underlying the onset of hypertension, hyperlipoproteinaemia, hypercoagulability, and the possibility of therapeutic intervention.
Audience: Biochemists, pharmacologists and clinical pharmacologists, specialists in the field of cardiovascular medicine seeking to keep abreast of current knowledge in the fast moving field of cardiovascular disease.

Preface. I: Multiple Risk Factors in Population. 1. Lipid Risk Factors and the Regression of Atherosclerosis; A. M. Gotto Jr. 2. Multiple Risk Factors: What is Next? M. Higgins, C. Lenfant 3. Multiple Risk Factors in Northern Italy; G. A. Feruglio, D. Vanuzzo, G. Cesana, M. Ferrario on behalf of the MONICA- Friuli and MONICA-Brianza Study Groups. 4. Long-Term Associations between Hemostatic Variables and Ischemic Heart Disease; T. W. Meade. 5. Cardiovascular Gene Therapy: Possibilities and Realities; V. J. Dzau, R. Morishita, G. H. Gibbons. 6. Triglycerides and Coronary Heart Disease: An Update; M. H. Criqui. II: Lipids and Lipoproteins. 7. Factors Controlling Lipoprotein Metabolism; E. Sehayek, S. Eisenberg. 8. Apolipoproteins in the Treatment of Vascular and Nonvascular Disease; C. R. Sirtori. 9. Explorations of Postprandial Lipids in a Case of Homozygous APO B45.2; B. Jacotot, A. Piolot, M. Ayraut-Jarrier, N. Lemort, C. Martin, S. Braschi, F. Yen, B. Bihain. 10. Apolipoprotein E Binding and Hepatic Lipase-Mediated Catabolism Make Alternate Pathways in the Metabolism of Intermediate Lipoprotein Particles: Observation in Patients with Hepatic Lipase Deficiency; A. Yamamoto, Y. Ikeda, Z. Tsutsumi, A. Mori, A. Takagi, M. Tsushima. III: Critical Aspects of Vascular Protection of New Dihydropyridine Calcium Antagonists. 11. New Aspects of the Pharmacology of Dihydropyridine Calcium Antagonists; T. Godfraind, O. Feron, N. Morel, S. Salomone, M. Wibo. 12. Membrane Interaction of Lipophilic Dihydropyridines as New Mechanisms for Vascular Protection; G. Gaviraghi, D. Trist. 13. Mechanisms of Free Radical Oxidations and Vascular Damage: Protective Effect of Dihydropyridines; F. Ursini. 14. Lipophilic Dihydropyridines: New Opportunities for Prevention of Atherosclerosis; R. Paoletti. 15. Clinical Trial Design and Noninvasive Atherosclerosis Endpoints for Studying Lipophilic Dihydropyridines; M. G. Bond, M. Mercuri, R. Arens, F. Gianfrate for the ELSA Collaborative Research Group. IV: N-3 Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Risk Factors. 16. The Biological Roles of n-e Fatty Acids: Metabolic and Nutritional Aspects; C. Galli. 17. Effect of Supplementation with Moderate Doses of n-3 Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters to Hypertriglyceridemic Patients on Lipid and Hemostatic Variables; E. Tremoli, S. Colli, P. Maderna, S. Eligini, E. Stragliotto, P. Risé, F. Pazzucconi, C. R. Sirtori, C. Galli. 18. Long-Lasting Inhibition of Platelet Aggregation Following a Relatively Short-Course Administration of n-3 Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters; A. M. Cerbone, T. Cusano, E. Tremoli, C. Galli, F. Cirillo, A. Coppola, E. Stragliotto, A. Amoriello, V. Marottoli, G. Vecchione, G. Di Minno. V: Diabetes. 19. Insulin Resistance and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Noninsulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus; K. G. M. M. Alberti. 20. Glucose as a Risk Factor for Atherosclerosis; R. Bucala, A. Cerami. 21. Dyslipidemia in NIDDM: New Insights; M.-R. Taskinen, M. Syvänne, S. Lahdenperä. 22. Diabetes and Cardiovascular Risk: Epidemiological Aspects; S. M. Haffner. 23. Rational Treatment of the `Plurimetabolic Syndrome'; A. Tiengo, A. Avogaro, S. Del Prato. 24. Kidney Protection in Diabetes Mellitus; K. H. Rahn, M. Barenbrock, B. Suwelack, H. Hohage. 25. Association of Serum Uric Acid with Triglyceride Levels in Female Patients with NIDDM; W. Rathmann, H. Hauner, B. Haastert, K. Kirchner, F. A. Gries. 26. Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in the Elderly; G. Crepaldi, E. Manzato. VI: Diabetic Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis: Current Clinical Findings and Treatment Strategies. 27. Insulin Resistance and Coronary Heart Disease; G. M. Reaven. 28. Diabetic Dyslipidemia: The Asian Perspective; T.-Y. Tai, C.-J. Change, Y.-T. Lee. 29. Therapeutic Intervention in Diabetic Dyslipidemia; A. M. Gotto Jr. VII: Hypertension. 30. Red Blood Cell Cation Heteroexchange and Cardiovascular Risk; A. Semplicini, G. Ceolotto, M. Felice, A. Gebbin, A. Fontebasso, R. Valle, L. Serena, C. Dal Palù. 31. Hypertension in the Elderly with Special Focus on Side Effects; L. H. Lindholm. VIII: Therapeutic Interventions. 32. Drugs Directly Affecting the Arterial Wall; R. Paoletti, M. R. Soma. 33. The POSCH Trial: Importance of Cholesterol Lowering in Reducing Coronary Heart Disease Progression; C. T. Campos, H. Buchwald, the POSCH Group. 34. Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Intracoronary Ultrasound Images: Technical Approaches, Clinical Applications, and Current Limitations in the Assessment of Vessel Dimensions; C. von Birgelen, C. Di Mario, W. Li, F. Prati, N. Bom, J. R. T. C. Roelandt, P. W. Serruys. IX: New Trends in the Use of Fibrates. 35. Metabolic Basis of the Atherogenic Lipoprotein Phenotype; C. J. Packard, J. Shepherd. 36. Fibrates: Modes of Action; A. L. Catapano. 37. Fenofibrate: A Safety Evaluation of a Large German Patient Population; K. U. Kirschgässler. X: New Insights on Cholesterol Controversy. 38. Plasma Cholesterol and Total Mortality; R. Paoletti, A. Poli. 39. Cholesterol-Lowering Coronary Angiography Trials: An Overview; L. J. Hirsch. 40. Treatment of Hyperlipidemia in Specific Types of Patients: The Elderly, Women, and Patients with Coronary Heart Disease; D. R. Illingworth. 41. An Italian Multicenter Study on the Efficacy and Tolerability of Simvastatin in Male Patients with Essential Hypertension and Primary Hypercholesterolemia; A. Salvetti, G. Argenio, G. Bernini. 42. Effects of Simvastatin Treatment on Thromboxane (TX) Biosynthesis and Platelet Function in Type II Hypercholesterolemia (HC); A. Notarbartolo. XI: Risk Factors. 43. Risk Factor Interactions Involving Pressor Agents; G. V. R. Born, L. E. Cardona-Sanclemente. 44. Hemodynamic and Adrenergic Effects of Cigarette Smoking; G. Grassi, A. Lanfranchi, S. Vailati, G. Seravalle, B. M. Cattaneo, G. Mancia. 45. Serum Uric Acid and 18-Year Cardiovascular Mortality in the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry; A. R. Dyer, R. Stamler, J. Stamler, D. Garside. 46. The Impact of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol on Cardiovascular Risk: The Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP) Study; U. Goldbourt for the BIP Study Research Group. 47. Triglycerides and the Fibrinolytic System; E. Tremoli, L. Sironi, M. Camera, L. Mannucci, L. Prati, C. Banfi, D. Baldassare, L. Mussoni. 48. Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer's Disease; G. Franceschini, L. Calabresi, C. R. Sirtori, G. B. Frisoni, C. Geroldi, A. Bianchetti, M. Trabucchi, S. Govoni. 49. Apolipoprotein A1: A Natural Kidney-Protective Agent? J. R. Paterniti, Jr., B. F. Burkey, D. France, H. Wong, X. Ma, B. Brand, C. Abuhani, M. R. Diffenderfer, J. B. Marsh, E. A. Fisher. XII: Vascular Reactivity and Remodeling. 50. Noninvasive Evaluation of Arterial Reactivity in Patients with Premature Onset Coronary Disease; P. Rubba, C. Sapio, P. Pauciullo, A. Iannuzzi, G. Iannuzzo, D. Iorio, N. Spampinato, M. Mancini. 51. Long-Chain Acylcarnitine as Membrane Stabilizer; W. C. Hülsmann, A. Peschechera. XIII: Protective Effects of Moderate Consumption of Alcohol on the Incidence of Coronary Heart Disease. 52. Protective Effects of Moderate Consumption of Alcohol on the Incidence of Coronary Heart Disease; M. H. Criqui. 53. Alcohol Consumption: Weighing the Cardiovascular Benefit with the Overall Health Risk; E. B. Rimm. 54. Alcohol and Atherosclerosis; A. Catapano. Index.