Li-Hsiang Lisa Rosenlee is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at the University of Mary Washington.

Acknowledgments

1. Introduction

2. Confucianism, Chinese-ness, and Ren Virtuous Personhood

Confucians before Confucius: Ru and Its Ambiguity
Ru, State, and Chinese-ness
Defining Ru: Ren as Confucian Virtue Ethics

3. Yin-Yang, Gender Attributes, and Complementarity

Yin-yang and the Oppositional Binary of Femininity-masculinity
Yin-yang and Correlative Cosmology
Yin-yang Complementarity and Gender Hierarchy

4. Nei-Wai, Gender Distinctions, and Ritual Propriety

Nei-wai, Ritualization, and Civilization
Nei-wai, Functional Distinctions, and Gender Hier-archy

5. Didactic Texts for Women and the Womanly Sphere of Nei

Lienuzhuan, Guifan, and the Tradition of Virtuous Women's Biographies
The Four Books for Women and by Women
The Question of Female Literacy and the Virtue of Women's Speech (Fuyan)

6. Chinese Sexism and Confucianism

Gender Oppression and Confucian Virtue Ethics
Case Studies: Widowhood and Footbinding

7. Toward a Confucian Feminism¿ Feminist Ethics In-the-Making

The Problems of Gender and the Politics of Femi-nism
Outline of a Confucian Feminism: A Hybrid Identity

Reflections and Conclusions

Notes
Bibliography
Index