Xiaoming Chen is Associate Professor of History at Ohio Wesleyan University.

List of Illustrations
Acknowledgments
Introduction

1. Toward Individual Emancipation and Personal Moral/Spiritual Salvation

From the May Fourth Individualist Rebellion to the Marxist Cause of Individual Emancipation

A May Fourth Individualist Awakening
From the May Fourth Individualist Awakening to a Marxist Radical Approach to Individual Emancipation

Striving for Personal Moral/Spiritual Salvation: From a May Fourth Confucian Focus to a Communist Confucian Battle

A May Fourth Focus
Shifting the Focus

2. Toward National Salvation

May Fourth Love and Concern for the Motherland
The Mid-1920s: Dedication to Saving China through Communist Revolution

3. Toward the Liberation of Mankind

A May Fourth Cosmopolitanist Ideal of Datong: A Pastoral/Primitive Paradise

The Datong Ideal
The Cosmopolitan World and the Individual and the Cosmopolitan World and the Nation
The Cosmopolitanist Ideal and a "Mentality of Extremes"
The Means to Achieve the Ideal: Leftist Radicalism to Save the World?

The Mid-1920s: Finding a Modern "Scientific" Echo of Datong in Marxism and Committing to Revolution

Attracted to the Marxist Cosmopolitanist Ideal
Committing to Marxist/Leninist Revolution as the Means to Achieve the Cosmopolitanist Ideal

4. Toward a Solution to Modern China's Intellectual Crisis

A May Fourth Solution to the Intellectual Crisis

Defending the Best of Chinese Tradition 
Combining the Best of China with Modern Western Science and Goetheanism
A May Fourth Synthesis of the Best of the East and West as a Solution to the Intellectual Crisis

The Mid-1920s: Solving China's Intellectual Crisis through the Combination of Confucianism and Marxism/Leninism

Redefining the Best of the East and West
The Formation of a Confucian/Marxist/Leninist Communist Synthesis

Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
Index