Élisabeth Roudinesco is a historian, a director of studies at the University of Paris-VII, and the author of numerous landmark books including Jacques Lacan & Co.: A History of Psychoanalysis in France, 1925-1985.

Acknowledgements vii
Introduction 1
1 Our First Parents 6
2 The Shadow of the Camps and the Smoke of the Ovens 26
3 Promised Land, Conquered Land 49
4 Universal Jew, Territorial Jew 68
5 Genocide between Memory and Negation 93
6 A Great and Destructive Madness 124
7 Inquisitorial Figures 151
Notes 186
Index 232

What does it mean to be Jewish? What is an anti-Semite? Why doesthe enigmatic identity of the men who founded the firstmonotheistic religion arouse such passions?
We need to return to the Jewish question. We need, first, todistinguish between the anti-Judaism of medieval times, whichpersecuted the Jews, and the anti-Judaism of the Enlightenment,which emancipated them while being critical of their religion. Itis a mistake to confuse the two and see everyone from Voltaire toHitler as anti-Semitic in the same way. Then we need to focus onthe development of anti-Semitism in Europe, especially Vienna andParis, where the Zionist idea was born. Finally, we need toinvestigate the reception of Zionism both in the Arab countries andwithin the Diaspora.
Re-examining the Jewish question in the light of these distinctionsand investigations, Roudinesco shows that there is a permanenttension between the figures of the 'universal Jew' andthe 'territorial Jew'. Freud and Jung split partly overthis issue, which gained added intensity after the creation of theState of Israel in 1948 and the Eichmann trial in 1961. Finally,Roudinesco turns to the Holocaust deniers, who started to suggestthat the Jews had invented the genocide that befell their people,and to the increasing number of intellectual and literary figureswho have been accused of anti-Semitism.
This thorough re-examination of the Jewish question will be ofinterest to students and scholars of modern history andcontemporary thought and to a wide readership interested inanti-Semitism and the history of the Jews.