How Middle Eastern peoples in the past two centuries lived outside the region's politico-religious structures.

Introduction: between the State and Islam Charles E. Butterworth and I. William Zartman; Part I. The Nineteenth Century: Preface Charles E. Butterworth; 1. On what is between, even beyond, the paradigms of the State and Islam Charles E. Butterworth; 2. The impact of technology change on the nineteenth-century Arab world Antoine B. Zahland; 3. An Islamic political formula in transformation: Islam, identity, and nationalism in the history of the Volga Tatars Serif Mardin; 4. Muslim opposition thinkers in the nineteenth century Said Bensaid Alaoui; Part II. The Twentieth-Century: Preface I. William Zartman; 5. Against the taboos of Islam: anti-conformist tendencies in contemporary Arab/Islamic thought As'ad AbuKhalil; 6. Democratic thought in the Arab world: an alternative to the patron state Iliya Harik; 7. Political parties between state power and Islamist opposition Ibrahim A. Karawan; 8. Liberal professionals in the contemporary Arab world Timothy J. Piro; 9. Daniel Lerner revisited, the audio-visual media and its reception: two North African cases Jean Leca, Meriem Verges and Mounia Bennani-Chraibi; 10. Islam, the state, and democracy: the contradictions I. William Zartman.