Examines the history of Judaism during the second half of the Middle Ages.

Introduction Robert Chazan; Part I. Jews in the Medieval Christian World: 1. The Prior Church legacy Robert Chazan; 2. Medieval Church doctrines and policies Anna Sapir Abulafia; 3. Mutual perceptions and attitudes David Berger; 4. Byzantium Nicholas de Lange; 5. Italy: (a) South David Abulafia; (b) North Robert Bonfil; 6. Spain: (a) The transition to Christian rule Yom Tov Assis; (b) Under Christian rule Mark Meyerson; 7. Southern France Ram Ben Shalom; 8. Northwestern Europe Robert Chazan; 9. Germany Alfred Haverkamp; 10. Northeastern Europe Nora Berend; Part II. Social and Institutional History: 11. The sources Ephraim Shoham-Steiner; 12. Demography and migrations Michael Toch; 13. Economic activities Michael Toch; 14. Communal and religious organization Jeffrey Woolf; 15. Schools and education Ephraim Kanarfogel; 16. Annual cycle and life cycle Elisheva Baumgarten; 17. The family Elisheva Baumgarten; Part III. Spiritual and Intellectual History: 18. The sources Daniel Lasker; 19. Languages and translations: (a) Languages David M. Bunis; (b) Translations James T. Robinson; 20. Book production Malachi Beit-Arié; 21. Bible studies Martin Lockshin; 22. Talmudic studies Ephraim Kanarfogel; 23. Jewish law Alyssa Gray; 24. Liturgy and Piyut: (a) Liturgy Stefen C. Reif; (b) Piyut Elisabeth Hollander; 25. Philosophy Mauro Zonta; 26. Science and medicine Gad Freudenthal; 27. Mysticism Elliot Wolfson; 28. Belles-lettres Jonathan Decter; 29. Polemics Daniel Lasker; 30. Historiography Eva Haverkamp; 31. Material culture and art Katerin Kogman-Appel; Suggested readings; Index.