More than ever before the changing environmental and political landscape in the Arctic requires stability and foreseeability based on resilient common norms. The emerging legal orders in the Arctic cannot be legitimately created or effectively implemented unless all relevant actors are involved.

Akiho Shibata is a Professor of International Law and Director, Polar Cooperation Research Centre (PCRC) at Kobe University, Japan.

Leilei Zou is a Professor at Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.

Nikolas P. Sellheim is a postdoctoral researcher at the Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), University of Helsinki, Finland.

Marzia Scopelliti is a PhD candidate in Law at Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.

Contents

Illustrations

Contributors

Acknowledgements

Acronyms

1. An Ocean in the Making: Non-Arctic Actors and the Emerging Arctic Legal Orders

AKIHO SHIBATA, LEILEI ZOU, NIKOLAS SELLHEIM & MARZIA SCOPELLITI

Part I - Setting the Contexts

2. The Current and Future Role of Non-Arctic States in Arctic Governance

TIMO KOIVUROVA

3. The Rise of Asia and Arctic Legal Order-making: Political-Economic Settings

AKI TONAMI

4. Japan's Role in Formation and Strengthening of Arctic Legal Orders

KEIJI IDE

5. China's Arctic Policy White Paper and Its Influence on the Future of Arctic Legal Developments

EGILL THOR NIELSSON & BJARNI MAR MAGNUSSON

Part II - People(s) in the Arctic

6. Our Homeland: Arctic Indigenous Peoples' Perspective of Non-Arctic States

DALEE SAMBO DOROUGH

7. Sustaining a Conservationist Agenda? NGO-Influence on Arctic Sealing, Whaling and Hydrocarbon Regimes

MARZIA SCOPELLITI & NIKOLAS SELLHEIM

Part III - Arctic Marine Legal Order-making

8. The Five-plus-five Process on Central Arctic Ocean Fisheries Negotiations: Reflecting Interests of Arctic and Non-Arctic Actors

JOJI MORISHITA

9. Participation in the Central Arctic Ocean Fisheries Agreement

ERIK MOLENAAR

10. The Role of Transnational Knowledge Networks and Epistemic Communities in Arctic Shipping Governance

RASMUS GJEDSSØ BERTELSEN

11. Russia's Legislative Development Pertaining to the Northern Sea Route and Its Interaction with Russian-Sino Arctic Cooperation

LEILEI ZOU

Part IV - The Universality of Science and the Arctic Council

12. The Arctic Science Cooperation Agreement: A Perspective from Non-Arctic Actors

AKIHO SHIBATA

1. State Observers and Science Cooperation in the Arctic Council: Same Same But Different?

SEBASTIAN KNECHT & JENNIFER SPENCE

14. China in the Arctic Council: Existing Problems and Prospective Solutions

YUANYUAN REN

Appendix

Agreement on Enhancing International Arctic Scientific Cooperation, signed by the eight Arctic states on 11 May 2017, entered into force on 23 May 2018

Agreement to Prevent Unregulated High Seas Fisheries in the Central Arctic Ocean, signed by Canada, the People's Republic of China, the Kingdom of Denmark in respect for the Faroe Islands and Greenland, Japan, the Republic of Korea, the Kingdom of Norway, the Russian Federation, the United States of America and the European Union on 3 October 2018

Index