Examining the international dimensions of the Syrian conflict, this book studies external factors relating to the uprising. It explores the involvement of outside powers and the events' impact both on regional and international level.

Raymond Hinnebusch is professor of International Relations and Middle East Politics at the University of St Andrews, Scotland. He is founder and director of the Centre for Syrian Studies. His most recent works on Syria include: Syria: Revolution from Above (2001); Turkey-Syria Relations: Between Enmity and Amity, co-edited with Ozlem Tur (2013); Syria: From Reform to Revolt: Politics and International Relations, co-edited with Tina Zintl (2014); The Syrian Uprising: Domestic Origins and Early Trajectory, co-edited with Omar Imady (2018).

Adham Saouli is senior lecturer at the University of St Andrews. He is currently visiting associate professor at the Doha Institute for Graduate Studies. Saouli is the author of Hezbollah: Socialisation and its Tragic Ironies (2019) and The Arab State: Dilemmas of State Formation (2012). His study "Performing the Egyptian Revolution: Origins of Collective Restraint Action," in Political Studies, was nominated for the Harrison Prize (2015).

1. Thinking about the international factor in the Syrian Crisis Raymond Hinnebusch 2. The Middle East regional security complex and the Syrian civil war Soren Schmidt 3. The International and Regional Battle for Syria Christopher Phillips 4. The Regional Sectarian War and Syria Konstantinos Zarras 5. Hizbullah's intervention in Syria: Causes and Consequences Adham Saouli 6. Palestinian refugees and the Syrian Uprising: Subjectivities, mobilizations and challenges Valentina Napolitanio 7. Qatar and its rivals in Syria's conflict Kristian Coates Ulrichsen 8. Saudi Policies in the Syrian Crisis May Darwich 9. Iran and the Syrian civil war Jubin Goodarzi 10. Iraqi-Syrian Relations and the Syrian Uprising Raymond Hinnebusch 11. Turkish-Iranian relations in Syria: between rivalry and engagement Ozden Oktav 12. The 2011 collapse of Syria-Turkish Relations: through a realist- constructivist Lens Marwa Daoudy 13. US policy towards the Syrian Conflict under Obama: Strategic patience and miscalculation Jasmine Gani 14. Russian foreign policy in the early Syrian conflict: traditional factors and the role of Syria in the Kremlin's wider domestic and international goals Daria Vorobyeva 15. From Russia's military deployment in Syria to the Astana Process Nikolay Kozhanov 16. The European Union and Syria: from constructive engagement to marginalization and back? Francesco Cavatorta and Pierre-Michel Turcotte 17. Contextualizing Economic Sanctions on Syria Ferdinand Arslanian 18. The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) in Syria: a critical analysis of R2P as an interactional process Nour M. el-Kebbi