The growth of clinical neuropsychology has been unprecedented. This growth has been oriented more toward the provision of than toward the foundation for services. Thus, while a greater number of psychologists are performing a greater number of neuropsychological procedures, there seems to us an uneven parallel growth between these services and the empirical foundations for them. It should come to no one's surprise that increasingly aggressive attacks on the field have been leveled. Despite these attacks, clinical neuropsychology con­ tinues to enjoy exceptional growth within psychology and acceptance by other health practitioners, insurance companies, legislators, judges, juries, and above all, consumers of our services. Growth without self-reflection is a dangerous enterprise, as is growth without directions. We find it disconcerting that existing and limited "self­ analysis" has assumed that neuropsychological dysfunction is immune to the same variables that affect psychological dysfunction. Some attention has been paid to the most obvious ones, such as age, but all others have been ignored and/ or misunderstood. This neglect has spawned a body of knowledge replete with questionable data and unfounded conclusions. Hence, it is surprising that clinical neuropsychologists consider themselves to be more scientifically sound than their regular clinical counterparts.

Historical Perspectives.- I. Constitutional and Demographic Factors.- 1 Perinatal.- 2 Childhood.- 3 Adult Development and Aging.- 4 Sex and Gender.- 5 Handedness and Lateralization.- 6 Socioeducational.- 7 Bilingualism.- II. Psychopathological Factors.- 8 Anxiety Disorders.- 9 Depressive Disorders.- 10 Schizophrenic Disorders.- 11 Pseudoneurological and Psychosomatic Disorders.- 12 Deception and Malingering.- III. Biological and Environmental Factors.- 13 Pathology of the Peripheral Nervous System.- 14 Cardiovascular and Somatic Disorders.- 15 Neurosurgical Interventions and Neuropsychology.- 16 Psychoactive Drugs in the Psychotic and Affective Disorders.- 17 Neuropsychological Toxicology.- IV. Epilogue.- 18 Overview, Limitations, and Directions.