Some two decades will shortly have passed since the WTO's Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights agreement came into force in 1995. This volume is the first cross-country analysis of how TRIPS has affected the capacity of 11 major low or medium income countries to produce generic drugs.

Zaheer Babar, University of Auckland, New Zealand
Sudip Chaudhuri, Indian Institute of Management Calcutta, India
Anwar Gilani, Aga Khan University, Pakistan
Andy Gray, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Mohamed Azmi Ahmad Hassali, Universiti Sains Malaysia
Chee-Ruey Hsieh, Academia Sinica, Taiwan
Richard Husada, Universitas Surabaya, Indonesia
Dina Iskander, Oxfam Novib, Cairo, Egypt
Shazia Qasim Jamshed, International Islamic University, Malaysia
Hans Löfgren, Deakin University, Australia
Muhammad Ashar Malik, Aga Khan University, Pakistan
Shankaran Nambiar, Manipal International University, Malaysia
Jens Plahte, Oslo, Norway
Simon Reid-Henry, Queen Mary, University of London, UK
Asrul Akmal Shafie, Universiti Sains Malaysia
Cassandra Sweet, PUC, Santiago, Chile
Jayabalan Thambyappa, Academy of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Malaysia
Raymond R Tjandrawinata, Dexa Laboratories of Biomolecular Sciences, Tangerang, Indonesia
Yousuf A Vawda, University of KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
Ipek Eren Vural, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
Owain David Williams, Aberystwyth University, Wales
Bong-min Yang, Seoul National University, South Korea

1. The New Political Economy of Pharmaceuticals: Conformity and Resistance in the Global South; Owain David Williams and Hans Löfgren 2. The Political Economy of Pharmaceutical Production in Brazil; Cassandra M. Sweet 3. Pharmaceuticals, Health Policy and Intellectual Property Rights in China; Chee-Ruey Hsieh 4. Immunity to TRIPS? Vaccine Production and the Biotechnology Industry in Cuba; Jens Plahte and Simon Reid-Henry 5. TRIPS and Access to Medicines in Egypt; Dina Iskander 6. The Pharmaceutical Industry in India after TRIPS; Sudip Chaudhuri 7. The Health Care System and the Pharmaceutical Industry in Indonesia; Richard Husada and Raymond R. Tjandrawinata 8. TRIPS, Free Trade Agreements and the Pharmaceutical Industry in Malaysia; Mohamed Azmi Hassali, Jayabalan Thambyappa, Shankaran Nambiar and Asrul Akmal Shafie 9. The Pharmaceutical Industry, Intellectual Property Rights and Access to Medicines in Pakistan: Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar, Shazia Jamshed, Ashar Malik and Anwarul-Hassan Gilani 10. TRIPS, Access to Medicines and Local Production in South Africa; Andrew L. Gray and Yousuf A. Vawda 11. TRIPS and New Challenges for the Pharmaceutical Sector in South Korea; Bong-min Yang and Hye-young Kwon 12. Intellectual Property Rights and Neoliberal Restructuring in Turkey: The Pharmaceutical Industry; Ipek Eren Vural 13. Conclusion: TRIPS, Drug Production in the Global South, and Access to Medicines; Hans Löfgren and Owain David Williams