From Lenin and Stalin to Putin, Russia's economic development has relied on large scale technologies. These technologies--often called "hero projects," "projects of the century," or "megaprojects"--have been central to the nation's economic growth and military power. Despite their massive environmental and social costs, hero technologies moved ahead in service of the unbridled interests of state officials, the hubris of engineers, and the coalescence of the masses under a national ideology of glorious achievement and military grandeur.
In Hero Projects, Paul R. Josephson traces how, over the last one hundred years, the Russian tsars, commissars, and oligarchs embraced megaprojects to create the world's largest empire. Built by peasants, gulag prisoners, and Communist volunteers, the wide-ranging projects--including pipelines across the tundra, railroads from Europe to the Pacific Ocean, hydropower stations and canals from the northwest to arid Central Asia, and nuclear facilities--forever altered the landscape, politics, and society. As Josephson argues, if hero projects were embraced by the public as showcasing technological wonder, they have always ultimately served to enrich the Kremlin and demonstrate the nation's technological prowess on the global stage. And they continue to be a major feature of authoritarian Russian political rule in the twenty-first century; having rebuilt Russia's resource state and pushed a self-proclaimed "renaissance" of nuclear weapons and reactors, Putin has determined in 2022 to expand the empire to its Soviet borders by war on Ukraine, in Crimea, and against Georgia and Moldova.
Sweeping in scope, Hero Projects establishes the strong continuities in political culture in Russian history; reshapes the meaning of empire, extending it to include internal colonization; and expands environmental and social history through the study of big technology.

Paul R. Josephson is Professor Emeritus of History at Colby College. He is a specialist on the history of big science and technology in the twentieth century. The author of fourteen books, he focuses on environmental and political questions, and on the comparative history of Russia and the US. His most recent book, Nuclear Russia: The Atom in Russian Politics and Culture, is a cultural history of the nuclear age in Russia.

Introduction: Hero Projects from Lenin to Putin

Chapter 1: Rails and Resources
Chapter 2: Mines and Magnates
Illustrations Part I
Chapter 3: Water and Empire
Chapter 4: Nuclear Wonderlands
Illustrations Part II
Chapter 5: Bridges of Empire: Putin's Failed Crimean Bridge
Chapter 6: Nostalgic Engineering: Big Technology and Russia in the Twenty-first Century
Epilogue: Hero Projects as Nostalgia for the Future
Acknowledgements
Note on Sources
Notes
Index