John Bowen is a Professor of English at the University of York. He has written widely on nineteenth-century and twentieth-century literature; his publications include Other Dickens: Pickwick to Chuzzlewit (OUP, 2000) and editions of Barnaby Rudge for Penguin and Trollope's Barchester Towers and Phineas Redux for Oxford World's Classics.

'If you want a picture of the future, imagine a boot stamping on a human face-forever.'
1984 Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949), George Orwell's final novel, was completed in difficult conditions shortly before his early death. It is one of the most influential and widely-read novels of the post-war period, and has been a huge international bestseller over many decades. Continually in print, it has long been controversial, both in its immediate Cold War context and in later history.
It is in some ways a realist novel, but in others is more akin to a work of science fiction, a dystopia or a satire. It also has strong affiliations to Gothic in its plotting, motifs and affective states. Full of horror and terror, it contains prophetic dreams and a central character who thinks of himself as a 'monster', a 'ghost' and 'already dead'. Like Frankenstein and Dracula, it is fascinated by the power of a documentary remnant addressed to an unknown
reader.