1. Introduction; G.S. Dunbar. 2. History of German Geography: Worldwide Reputation and Strategies of Nationalisation and Institutionalisation; B. Schelhaas, I. Hönsch. 3. Geography in France: Context, Practice, and Text; V.R.H. Berdoulay. 4. A Partial Biography: The Formalization and Institutionalization of Geography in Britain since 1887; C.W.J. Withers. 5. Modern Geography in Italy: From the Archives to Environmental Management; I.L. Caraci. 6. Geography and Geographers in the Netherlands since the 1870s: Serving Colonialism, Education, and the Welfare State; B. de Pater. 7. Stories on the Making of Geography in Sweden; A. Buttimer. 8. Geography in Russia: Glories and Disappointments; D. Hooson. 9. Academic Geography, American Style: An Institutional Perspective; W.A. Koelsch. 10. The Development of Geographical Study in Canada, 1870-2000; J.H. Warkentin, P. Simpson-Housley.

Gary S. Dunbar "Pro-fesh-yon-al-i-zay-shun . . . pro-fesh-yon-al-i-ZAY-shunl . . . I do not think I like that word . . . I am quite certain I do not like that wordl," said A. F. Martin of Oxford University in 1980 when I mentioned to him that I was making a study of the professionalization of geography in Europe and North America from about 1870 to 1930. I should not have been surprised by his reply, because Mr. Martin, a highly regarded lecturer, tutor, and university man, was in some ways a typical example of his generation of British geographers, in that he did not have an advanced degree and his publication record was meager. Except for a single remarkable essay (Martin 1951), he was not well known in the field of geography, at least not outside the United Kingdom. Was he, then, a professional geographer? Yes, indeed, because he was a full-time scholar in a distinguished university, even though he lacked the sort of credentials that have been demanded of subsequent generations of scholars, at Oxford and elsewhere. I certainly do not mean to denigrate Martin or his ilk; I am simply using this anecdote to launch a book on the emergence of modern geography.